Low power consumption

Liquid crystal display systems have been increasingly used in electro-optical devices such as digital watches, calculators, televisions, instmment panels, and displays of various kinds of electronic equipment, ie, lap-top computers and word processors. The dominant reason for thek success is thek extremely low power consumption. Furthermore, the Hquid crystal display systems have been remarkably improved in recent years, and today they have high resolution (more than 300,000 pixels) and full color capabiUty almost equivalent to those of a cathode ray tube. 

Atomizers The common need to disperse a liquid into a gas has spawned a large variety of mechanical devices. The different designs emphasize different advantages such as freedom from plugging, pattern of spray, small droplet size, uniformity of spray, high turndown ratio, and low power consumption. 

Operating Costs Power cost for a continuous thickener is an almost insignificant item. For example, a unit thickener 60 m (200 ft) in diameter with a torque rating of 1.0 MN-m (8.8 Mlbf in) will normally require 12 kW (16 hp). The low power consumption is due to the very slow rotative speeds. Normally, a mechanism vi l be designed for a peripheral speed of about 9 m/min (0.5 ft/s), which corresponds to only 3 r/h for a 60-m (200-ft) unit. This low speed also means veiy low maintenance costs. Operating labor is low because little attention is normally required after initial operation has balanced the feed and underflow. If chemicals are required for flocculation, the chemical cost frequently dwarfs all other operating costs. 

Relatively low power consumption Housekeeping requirements high... 

Vibratory test apparatuses are relatively cheap to build and run, and have low power consumption, while flow rigs are bulky, expensive to build and run, and have high power consumptions but have the advantage that they simulate more closely practical conditions of hydrodynamic cavitation. On the other hand, the damage rate is higher in the vibratory tests than in the... 

The instrument MIMOS 11 is extremely miniaturized compared to standard laboratory Mossbauer spectrometers and is optimized for low power consumption and high detection efficiency (see Sect. 3.3) and [326, 327, 336-339]. All components were selected to withstand high acceleration forces and shocks, temperature variations over the Martian diurnal cycle, and cosmic ray irradiation. Mossbauer measurements can be done during day and night covering the whole diurnal temperature... 

Liquid crystals, commonly referred to as the fourth state of matter, are materials which are intermediate in character between the solid and liquid states. Unlike normal isotropic liquids, they show some time-averaged positional orientation of the molecules, but they retain many of the properties of liquids, such as the ability to flow. In recent decades, liquid crystals have played an increasingly important part in our lives. Probably their most familiar application is in the information displays which provide the visual interface with microprocessor-controlled instrumentation. Liquid crystal displays have superseded more traditional display technology, such as light-emitting diodes and cathode ray tubes, for many appliances principally because of the advantages of visual appeal, low power consumption, and their ability to facilitate the miniaturisation of devices into which they are incorporated. They are encoun-... 

Electrochemical - High accuracy - Low power consumption - Mid price - Limited lifetime (but at least several years) - H2 cross-sensitivity - Re-calibration necessary... 

Power consumption -20% Low power Consumption will be a differentiatng feature... 

The development of low-dielectric-constant materials as ILDs is crucial to achieve low power consumption, reduce signal delay, and minimize interconnect cross-talk for high-performance VLSI devices. In one of the multilevel interconnect process routes, metal lines (e.g., A1—Cu or Cu) are patterned through reactive ion etching, and then dielectric films are filled in the trenches formed between these lines. These trenches can have widths in the sub-0.5 pm range and aspect ratios greater than 3. Therefore, small gap-filling capability is also required for such dielectrics. 

These instruments feature keyboard entry of instrument parameters which combined with digital displays, simplifying instrument operation. A high-output pulsed xenon lamp, having low power consumption and minimal ozone production, is incorporated within the optical module. 

During the last years, so-called microhotplates (pHP) have been developed in order to shrink the overall dimensions and to reduce the thermal mass of metal-oxide gas sensors [7,9,15]. Microhotplates consist of a thermally isolated stage with a heater structure, a temperature sensor and a set of contact electrodes for the sensitive layer. By using such microstructures, high operation temperatures can be reached at comparably low power consumption (< 100 mW). Moreover, small time constants on the order of 10 ms enable applying temperature modulation techniques with the aim to improve sensor selectivity and sensitivity. 

Monolithic sensor systems, however, offer advantages such as low power consumption or reduced packaging efforts. Integration of an on-chip serial interface reduces the number of bonding wires, especially in the case of an integrated multisensor array. Taking into account the mass-production facilities with estabhshed microelectronic and microtechnological processes, commercialization of monoHthic... 

G. Sberveglieri. Thin-film gas sensor implemented on a low-power-consumption mi-cromachined silicon structure . Sensors and Actuators B49 (1998), 88-92. 

G. Faglia, E. Comini, A. Cristalli, G. Sberveglieri, and L. Dori. Very low power consumption micromachined CO sensors , Sensors and Actuators B55 (1999), 140-146. 

Advantages of RBCs include the ability to sustain shock loads because of high microorganism concentrations, ease of expansion because of modular design, and low power consumption, which may be particularly attractive for industrial application. Full-scale RBC installations in refineries have performances in removal of oxygen-demanding pollutants comparable to activated sludge systems [5]. 

Mass-produced cantilever sensors, however, have the potential to satisfy the conditions of selectivity, sensitivity, miniature size, low power consumption, and real-time operation [5, 6], Microcantilevers are micromachined from silicon or other materials and can easily be fabricated in multiple-element arrays. They resemble miniature diving boards measuring 100 to 200 pm long by about 20 to 40 pm wide by 0.3 to 1 pm thick and having a mass of a few nanograms. Their primary advantage originates from their sensitivity, which is based on the ability to detect their motion with subnanometer precision. 

High thermal efficiency with low emissions Cost-effective, low power consumption Produces a medium British thermal unit (Btu), reformate gas Stable operation... 

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