Materials renewable raw

One of the most exciting discoveries related to quinone/hydroquinone chemistry is thek synthesis by biosynthetic routes (12,13). Using bacterial enzymes to convert D-glucose [50-99-7] (7) to either 1,2- or l,4-ben2enediol allows the use of renewable raw material to replace traditional petrochemicals. The promise of reduced dependence on caustic solutions and the use of transition-metal catalysts for thek synthesis are attractive in spite of the scientific and economic problems still to be solved. 

Even today renewable resources play a dominant role as raw materials for surfactants, but only because of the great contribution made by soaps to the production of surfactants. If the soaps are left out of consideration as native surfactants, petrochemistry holds 65-70% of the production of synthetic surfactants [2]. But for the future a further increase of renewable raw materials is expected in surfactant production [3]. The main reason for this development is the superior digestibility in the environment of products produced from natural materials. The future importance of the renewable raw materials becomes evident from the fact that even now new plants are cultivated or plants are modified to obtain an improved yield. A new type of sunflower has been cultivated to obtain a higher proportion of monounsaturated oleic acid compared with doubly unsaturated linoleic acid [4],... 

Kuusisto, J., Tokarev, A.V., Murzina, E.V., Roslund, M.U., Mikkola, J.-P., Murzin, D., and Salmi, T. (2007) From renewable raw materials to high-value added fine chemicals - catalytic hydrogenation and oxidation of D-lactose. Catal. Today, 121, 92-99. 

U. Biermann, W. Friedt, S. Lang, W. Luhs, G. Machmuller, J.O. Metzger, M.R. Klass, H.J. Schafer and M.R Schmeider New Syntheses with Oils and Fats as Renewable Raw Materials for the Chemical Industry , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl, 2000, 39, 2206. 

Alternatively, an entirely new downstream process and product chain, using renewable raw materials, can be conceived (the biorefinery ). The chemistry will be more focused on that of oxohydrocarbons (particularly carbohydrates) rather than hydrocarbons. Understanding the materials chemistry of biomass and related products would need to be enhanced. However, work has already been undertaken to identify the top sugar-derived intermediates (Figure 1.9) on which down-stream chemical processing might be derived. 

Use renewable raw materials - for example carbohydrates, lipids or biopolymers. 

Metzger, J.O. Eissen, M. (2004) Concepts on the Contribution of Chemistry to a Sustainable Development. Renewable Raw Materials. Comptes Rendus de VAcademie des Sciences Paris, Serie Be, Chimie, 1, 569-581. 

Recycling creates places of employment and saves the resources raw material, energy and water. Wood is a very important renewable raw material which is used in many fields of application. Also, the paper industry requires wood for the production of virgin fibres to ensure the multiple use of the construction material paper. It is necessary to upright the paper recycling loop to cover the tremendous demand of paper in Europe. 

Bierman, U., Friedt, W., Lang, S., Luhs, W., MachmuUer, G., Metzger, J.O., Ruschmgen Klass, M., Schafer, H.J. and Schneider, M.P. (2000) New syntheses with oils and fats as renewable raw materials for the chemical industry. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 39(13), 2206-2224 and references therein. 

Heterogeneous catalysts, particularly zeolites, have been found suitable for performing transformations of biomass carbohydrates for the production of fine and specialty chemicals.123 From these catalytic routes, the hydrolysis of abundant biomass saccharides, such as cellulose or sucrose, is of particular interest. The latter disaccharide constitutes one of the main renewable raw materials employed for the production of biobased products, notably food additives and pharmaceuticals.124 Hydrolysis of sucrose leads to a 1 1 mixture of glucose and fructose, termed invert sugar and, depending on the reaction conditions, the subsequent formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as a by-product resulting from dehydration of fructose. HMF is a versatile intermediate used in industry, and can be derivatized to yield a number of polymerizable furanoid monomers. In particular, HMF has been used in the manufacture of special phenolic resins.125... 

A broader and more detailed evaluation can be done by performing a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The central idea of a LCA is that the environmental effects during the entire life cycle of a process are quantified. These environmental effects are caused by the use of fossil fuels for heating and production of electricity, the use of non-renewable raw materials for the production of materials and chemicals, and the emissions of pollutants to air, water and soil. These environmental effects can be subdivided further in various levels of detail. The five major effects mentioned are derived from the more general effects considered in the framework of the LCA. Based on the environmental sustainability of each of the complete treatment scenarios considered as technically feasible, a ranking according environmental... 

The increase in energy prices and the need to secure future energy needs by increasing diversity of the energy supply mix have fostered the necessity of introducing renewable raw materials (RRM) and sources of energy (RSE). 

In conclusion, the economically competitive, non-subsidized production of liquid biofuels requires (a) the use cheaper and more reliable sources of renewable raw material (b) efficient conversion, with minimum waste, of cellulosic, fiber or wood-based, waste biomass into fermentable sugars (c) significantly improved efficiency of the production processes and (d) use by-products (e.g., glycerol in biodiesel production). Several of these aspects are discussed in details in various chapters. 

Major market opportunities and potential applications for renewable raw materials (RRM) fall into four main areas chemicals, speciality chemicals, industrial fibers and industrial oils [7]. 

We are thus facing a significant and rapid change in our oil-based economy to progressively introduce renewable raw materials. The development of new catalysts concepts and solutions will be a key component in this transition, as it was in the past in the change to the current oil-based economy. Investment in a sustained research effort on catalysis implies an investment in a better and more sustainable future for our society. 

J. Ehrenberg (Ed.), Status Report on Current Situation and Future Prospects of EU Industry using Renewable Raw Materials, European Commission - DG Enterprise, Brussels, February 2002. 

Many benefits for EU industry, consumers and the environment derive from the use of renewable raw materials (a) increased competitiveness from products having tailor-made performance compared with, or in combination with, conventional materials (b) a more stable and secure source of supply (c) a reduction in environmental impact (d) new and growing markets, providing economic benefits to industry as well as and (e) employment opportunities in processing industries and the agricultural sector. 

Many improvements are still needed to make really effective use of renewable raw materials in biorefineries. Full utilization of the plants is needed instead of the current under utilization, as well as the development of processes to add value to all fractions of the plant and to valorize the by-products of other industrial... 

Renewable raw materials are made or derived from short-term renewable sources (one to a few years or a few tens of years) such as plants, trees, wood wastes and other agricultural products. Not all these materials are necessarily biodegradable. Natural rubber, for example, comes from the latex of a tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and is not biodegradable. Renewable materials are often considered as opposites to fossil sources such as petroleum that are not renewable on a human timescale. On the other hand, some synthesized plastics such as certain polyesters are biodegradable. 

CARBOHYDRATES AS RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS A MAJOR CHALLENGE OF GREEN CHEMISTRY... 

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