Plasticizers tributyl citrate

Ljungberg, N., Andersson, T. and Wesslen, B. 2003. Film extrusion and film weldability of polyjlactic add) plasticized with triacetine and tributyl citrate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 88 3239-3247. 

Butanol, which at one time was an unwanted by-product in the preparation of acetone, is now the most important product of the fermentation. The building of a large new factory in Puerto Rico using 10,000 tons of molasses per annum for its production is an indication of this importance. Butanol is probably still the best solvent for cellulose nitrate lacquers. Dibutyl phthalate is certainly the most widely used plasticizer for synthetic resins, and butyl oleate, tributyl citrate and dibutyl tartrate have also been described as plasticizers. Another important use of butanol is as a source of butadiene, which serves as an intermediate in the conversion of sucrose into a synthetic rubber. Although in recent years other methods have been described for the preparation of butanol (for example, from ethyl alcohol and from acetylene), yet the fermentation of carbohydrates is still the cheapest process. 

Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) dissolves at pH higher than 6 and is soluble in ketones, ethers, esters, and alcohols. Permeation of water vapor and gastric fluids is a concern but can be overcome by adding other materials such as shellac. Plasticizers that are used with CAP include diethyl phthalate, triacetin, tributyl citrate, and acetylated monoglyceride. 

Other Plasticizers. Acetyl tributyl citrate is an outstanding nontoxic plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride in food packaging Plastisol formulations containing this ester have exceptional viscosity stability. Acetyl triethyl citrate is a good plasticizer for the cellulosics and acetyl trioctyl citrate shows promise with vmylidene chloride polymers. Other compounds of diverse nature find application as plasticizers. These include tetra-w-butyl thiodisuceinate, camphor, o-nitrobiphenyl and partially hydrogenated isomeric terphenyls... 

Citric acid (melting point 153°C, density 1.665) is one of our most versatile organic acids and is used as an acidulant in carbonated beverages, jams, jellies, and other foodstuffs. Another large outlet is in the medicinal field, including the manufacture of citrates and effervescent salts. Industrially citric acid is used as an ion-sequestering agent buffer and in the form of acetyl tributyl citrate, as a plasticizer for vinyl resins. 

Fig. 11 Force-deflection profiles of soft gelatin capsules containing polyethylene glycol as a fill liquid and coated with Eudragit L 30 D-55 obtained from compression testing (A) polymer plasticized with 20% triethyl citrate (B) polymer plasticized with 20% tributyl citrate. (From Ref. l)...

Amylose triacetate prepared from butanol-precipitated starch may be plasticized with almost any of the common plasticizers which are applicable to the plasticization of cellulose triacetate. For example, some suitable plasticizers are dimethyl or diethyl tartrate, tributyl citrate, tributyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, polyethylene glycol, and pentaerythritol tetraacetate. Addition of only 10-20% plasticizer is sufficient to give amylose triacetate films a useful and lasting degree of... 

Ethylcellulose is compatible with the following plasticizers dibutyl phthalate diethyl phthalate dibutyl sebacate triethyl citrate tributyl citrate acetylated monoglyceride acetyl tributyl citrate triacetin dimethyl phthalate benzyl benzoate butyl and glycol esters of fatty acids refined mineral oils oleic acid stearic acid ethyl alcohol stearyl alcohol castor oil corn oil and camphor. 

Tributyl citrate is used to plasticize polymers in formulated pharmaceutical coatings. The coating applications include capsules, tablets, beads, and granules for taste masking, immediate release, sustained-release, and enteric formula-... 

In a study by Bodmeier et al., it was demonstrated that plasticizer selection strongly influenced the rate of theophylline release in 0.1N HCl from beads coated with Aquacoai ECD (68). The results of this. study are shown in Figure 11. From this figure it can be seen that incomplete film formation resulted from plasticization with triacetin as a result of incompatibility between the hydrophilic plasticizer and the hydrophobic ethylcellulose latex particles. Complete film formation was achieved with all other investigated plasticizers TEC, Myvacet, tributyl citrate, DBS, and acetyl tributyl citrate however, faster drug release was seen with TEC due to the water solubility of TEC versus the water-insolubility of the other investigated plasticizers. 

ATBC. [Croda Surf. Ltd.] Acetyl tributyl citrate plasticizer for food contact Implies. 

EstafIex ATC. [Akzo] Acetyl tributyl citrate primary plasticizer for plastics incL PP, PS, PVAc, PVB, PVC, vinyl acetate cqpdymers, chlotinatedrubb, ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose suitable for coadngs in contact with foodstuffs. 

In another research, Wang et al. [36] investigated the effect of carbon black (CB) on mechanical and thermal properties of plasticized PLA. They used two different plasticizer, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and poly( 1,3-butylene adipate) (PBA) and revealed the plasticizers improved interaction existed between PLA and CB. The FT-IR spectra revealed that with increasing CB content in each... 

Chem. Descrip. Acetyl tributyl citrate CAS 77-90-7 EINECS/ELINCS 201-067-0 Uses Plasticizer for Indirect and direct food contact applies., PVC toys, cellulose nitrate films, aerosol hair sprays, dairy prod, cartons, drink bottle caps, food Jar caps, sol n. coatings for foil and paper milling lubricant for aluminum foil or sheet steel for use in cans for beverage and food prods. food pkg. adhesives, coatings, paper, cellophane Features Produces resins with exc. heat stability and low toxicity Regulatory FDA 21 CFR 172.515,175.105,175.300,175.320,175.380, 175.390,176.170,176.180,177.1200,177.1210,178.3910,181.27 Properties APHA 30 max. color, essentially odorless insol. in water m, w. 

I PEG-16 PEG-20 PEG-32 i PEG-100 PEG-150 PEG-200 i Propylene glycol laurate plasticizer, food packaging Acetyl tributyl citrate Acetyl triethyl citrate p-t-Butylphenyl salicylate n-Butyl phthalyl-n-butyl glycolate Dibutyl sebacate Diethyl phthalate Diisooctyl phthalate Distearyl citrate Epoxidized octyl stearate Glycerin... 

For medical purposes acetyl tributyl citrate is most commonly used. " °° Older inventions suggested also dioctyl phthalate, a useful plasticizer for use in contact with human skin. °" ° In veterinary applications, dioctyl phthalate and acetyl tributyl citrate are likely to be used. It should be underlined that this difference between medical and veterinary application is more of precautionary nature than formulation based on previous results of studies or regulations which may limit dioctyl phthalate use for this applications. 

Figure 13.13 shows that the glass transition temperature of ethyl cellulose decreases along with increase in fraction of tributyl citrate. Figure 13.14 shows that the unoccupied volume fraction increases with the addition of the plasticizer as it does with increase in temperature. Figure 13.15 shows that permeability of gas increases when more plasticizer is added. Figure 13.16 shows that the concentration of the plasticizer determines the rate of the active substance released from pharmacentical tablets designed for controlled release. This set of data shows the major reasons for use of plasticizers in the pharmaceutical industry. 

Toxicological and carcinogenic aspects are very important for plasticizers destined to be used in toy manufacture but they are not known at this time for most of these plasticizers to ensure their safe use in this application. Presently known facts seem to indicate that some of the plasticizers may be potentially useful to replace phthalates. A report prepared for the European Commission Directorate-General Enterprise indicates a lower health risk with acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC. It was also reported that the substitution of phthalates by benzoates (such as the diethylene glycol dibenzoate), alkylsulfonic phenyl esters, and possibly some adipates, trimellitates, sebacates and azelates should reduce health hazards however it is also recognized that the information available for DOA and ATBC is much less extensive than that available for phthalates. 

Figure 15.1. Retention index of components of standard sample containing plasticizers of different molecular weights. 1 - dibutyl adipate, 2 - dibutyl phthalate, 3 -acetyl tributyl citrate, 4 - di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, 5 -di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. [Data from Guisto-Norkus R Gounili G Wisniecki P Huball J A Ruven Smith S ...

Figure 16.1. Unoccupied volume fraction in ethyl cellulose films plasticized with variable concentrations of tributyl citrate. [Data fi-om Beck M I Tomka I, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed., 35, No.4, March 1997, p.639-53.]...

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