Other Investigations

Gross and Rys (81) investigated correlations between optical purity of product and the degree (%) of conversion in the enantio-differentiating hydrogenation of MAA with TA-MRNis prepared from various kinds of RNi. The degree (%) of conversion at which the highest OY was obtained was found to depend on the sort of RNi as shown in Fig. 35. 

Smith and Musoiu (80) reported results of an energetic research on MRNi with respect to the effect of the sort of RNi, effects of conditions for the preparation of RNi and MRNi, and effects of reaction conditions on the EDA of MRNi. 

Nickel, cobalt, copper, ruthenium, and copper-ruthenium catalysts modified with optically active amino acid or hydroxy acid have been extensively investigated by Klabunovskii s group since 1964 (82). However, those catalysts have been reported to have lower EDA than that of MRNi. 

Orito s group reported that OY = 90.6%11 had been obtained in the 

11 The EDAs of those catalysts must greatly depend on the impurities contained in the kieselguhr used (47) and the conditions for the preparation of the catalyst (65b). They calculated the optical purity of MHB based on the value of (a] 0 = 20.9 (neat). However, [a] ° for optically pure MHB equals 22.95 (neat). The OY reported by them should be recalculated based on the correct value. For example, the highest OY of 99.4% should be reduced to 90.6% (37, 47). 

---

Since the known stress calibration method was adopted to perform the SPATE setting, the calibration factor was directly obtained from the preliminary tests above mentioned. However, it is interesting to observe that assuming the correction factor equal to 1 at 10 Hz, the ratio of Cf at the others investigated frequencies (2 and 5 Hz) to the calibration factor at 10 Hz gives ... 

Other investigations dealt with straight-chain molecules (oi-tricosenoic acid) in which the penultimate and final carbon atoms at the hydrophobic end are connected by a double bond [91, 92]. The material does not polymerize as rapidly as those described before when irradiated by UV light, however, but it is readily polymerized when bombarded with an electron beam. It was thus thought to be an optimal material for the fabrication of electron beam resists. 

Results from magnetic susceptibiHty studies have been reported (50—53). Measurements (50) obtained by the Gouy method are shown in Figure 3. These are lower than those of other investigators. However, the temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibiHties, for the various plutonium allotropes were similar. a-Plutonium single crystals show a slight anisotropy of (54). 

Ideal Gas Behavior, In 1787 it was demonstrated that the volume of a gas varies directly with temperature if the pressure remains constant. Other investigations determined complementary correlating relations from which the perfect or ideal gas law was drawn (1 3). Expressed mathematically, the ideal gas law is... 

As mentioned earlier, surfactants and ionic solutions significantly affect mass transfer. Normally, surface affects act to retard coalescence and thus increase the mass transfer. For example, Hikata et al. [Chem. Eng. J., 22, 61-69 (1981)] have studied the effect of KCl on mass transfer in water. As KCI concentration increased, the mass transfer increased up to about 35 percent at an ionic strength of 6 gi7i/l. Other investigators have found similar increases for hquid mixtures. 

Solid-Liquid The most-used technique to study sohd suspension, as documented in hundreds of papers in the hterature, is called the speed for Just suspension, N. The original work was done in 1958 by Zwietering and this is stiU the most extensive range of variables, although other investigators have added to it considerably. 

Lockhart and Martinelli used pipes of one inch or less in diameter in their test work, achieving an accuracy of about -l-/-50%. Predictions are on the high side for certain two-phase flow regimes and low for others. The same -l-/-50% accuracy will hold up to about four inches in diameter. Other investigators have studied pipes to ten inches in diameter and specific systems however, no better, generalized correlation has been found.The way... 

After some early uncertainty in the literature about the nature of the pressure sensitive bond, Dahlquist [5,6] related modulus data to tack-temperature studies and observed that the compression modulus of the adhesive had to be less than about 3 X 10 dyne/cm (3 x lO Pa) before any adhesive tack was observed. This was explained as the highest modulus that still allowed the adhesive to be sufficiently compliant to wet out or come into molecular contact with the substrate and form dispersive bonds. As other investigators [7-9] accepted this requirement it was termed the Dahlquist Criterion . 

Upon completion of both the preliminary and detailed site investigation, a conceptual model can be prepared. A conceptual model is essentially a site model which includes all of the information that has been acquired for the site from both preliminary and detailed investigations, as well as other investigations not directly related to the site. The conceptual model can be anything from simple diagrams to detailed computer simulations, depending ujran the complexity of the site. The model must be continually updated to include new information as it is developed. 

The application of the above standards requires measurement or estimation of a number of parameters. The supporting and complementary standards described below provide information that is required for the application of standards for assessing thermal environments. They can also be used independently in ergonomics and other investigations. 

Other investigations of interest are the studies of the isomeric dihydroderivatives of brucine and strychnine and their reactions, carried out by Leuchs and his collaborators, investigation of the red o-quinone (isolated as the perchlorate, CjiHjoO Ng. HCIO4) formed in the well-known test for brucine with nitric acid, and the examination of the transformation products of oximinobrucine by Wieland et al. ... 

In 1939, the ultraviolet spectrum of 4-methylquinol-2-thione was reported to differ from that of the 2-alkylthio analog, and the former compound was concluded to exist in the thione form. However, other investigators were unable to reach any conclusions from ultraviolet and infrared spectral data concerning the tautomerism of quinol-2- and -4-thione. A definitive pK and ultraviolet spectral investigation by Albert and Barlin has recently established that the thione forms of quinol-2- and -4-thione and of isoquinol-1- and -3-thione (cf. 202) greatly predominate (Table V). The infrared... 

In contrast to these findings, two independent reports have appeared in which the ultraviolet spectrum of 2-amino-l,3,5-triazine has been interpreted to indicate that this compound exists in the imino form, but the correctness of these conclusions appears doubtful, especially since comparisons were not made with the spectra of the alkylated derivatives. Other investigators have interpreted the ultraviolet spectra of a series of amino- and diamino-1,3,5-triazines to indicate that the amino forms of these compounds predominate. ... 

R = alkyl, R — H) are similar. These conclusions cannot be accepted without reservation since there was sometimes confusion in this work between the processes of tautomerism and ionization. Other investigators considered both structures 190 and 191 to be important on tenuous chemical grounds. 

The work of Simkin, Strand, and Olney [64] correlates most of the work of other investigators, and can be used for estimation of probable entrainment from bubble cap trays as shown in Figure 8-116. It is recommended that the liquid entrainment for design be limited to 0.10 mols/mol dry vapor. 

From the work described and other investigations , it is evident that copper and most copper alloys are highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion. In general, copper itself is as good as, or better than, any of the alloys. Some of the brasses are liable to suffer rather severe dezincification and it is unwise to expose these to the more corrosive atmospheres without applying some protection. 

Other investigations indicate that half-tide conditions give results similar to fully immersed conditions, and that in sea-water the 99-5% aluminium coating is preferred to aluminium-zinc or aluminium-magnesium alloy coatings. 

The slope of 2.0 was also reported by Azzi and Chance (1969), Ashley (1970), and Baker et al. (1971), although several values between 2.0 and 4.0 were also reported by other investigators. The slope of 2 indicates that one aequorin molecule needs to be bound with two Ca2+ for the emission of light to take place the requirement of two Ca2+ was confirmed later by the titration of aequorin with calcium ions (Shimomura, 1995c Shimomura and Inouye, 1996). In Fig. 4.1.7,... 

---