Triethyl citrate

BP Triethyl citrate PhEur Triethylis citras USPNF Triethyl citrate 

Citric acid, ethyl ester Citroflex 2 Citrofol AI E1505 Hydagen CAT TEC. 

Triethyl citrate and the related esters acetyltriethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, and acetyltributyl are used to plasticize polymers in formulated pharmaceutical coatings. The coating applications include capsules, tablets, beads, and granules for taste masking, immediate release, sustained-release, and enteric formulations. 

Triethyl citrate is also used as a direct food additive for flavoring, for solvency, and as a surface active agent. 

Triethyl citrate is a clear, odorless, practically colorless, oily liquid. 

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Esters. The significant esters of citric acid are trimethyl citrate, triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, and acetylated triethyl- and tributyl citrate. Many other esters are available but have not been used on a commercial scale. Citric acid esters are made under azeotropic conditions with a solvent, a catalyst, and the appropriate alcohol. 

Citric acid esters are used as plasticizers ia plastics such as poly(viayl chloride), poly(vinhdene chloride), poly(viQyl acetate), poly(viQyl butyral), polypropylene, chlorinated rubber, ethylceUulose, and cellulose nitrate. Most citrate esters are nontoxic and are acceptable by the FDA for use in food-contact packaging and for flavor in certain foods. As a plasticizer, citrate esters provide good heat and light stabiUty and excellent flexibiUty at low temperatures. Triethyl citrate, tri- -butyl citrate, isopropyl citrate, and stearyl citrate are considered GRAS for use as food ingredients (224—228). 

Tentative Evaluation of the Health Aspects of Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Potassium Citrate, Calcium Citrate, Triethyl Citrate, Isopropyl Citrate, and Stearyl Citrate as Food Ingredients, PB280 954, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., 1977. 

Whipping aids help to preserve the whipping properties of dried egg white. Sodium lauryl sulfate [151 -21 -3] is preferred, but other approved whipping aids include triethyl citrate, triacetin [102-76-17, and sodium desoxycholate [302-95 ]. These additives are effective at levels of less than 0.02% on a soHds basis. 

It is evident that, in order to obtain accurate results, the method of working must be clearly and minutely adhered to, especially so in view of the fact that the determination of ester by the method of steam distillation is a very valuable indication as to the purity of an oil, serving to detect the fraudulent addition to oils of such esters as diethyl succinate, triethyl citrate, and diethyl oxalate, the free acids of which are nonvolatile in steam. It will not detect glyceryl acetate, terpinyl acetate, nor the esters of coconut oil fatty acids. 

Acetyl triethyl citrate, physical properties, 6 649t... 

E 1103 Invertase E 1105 Lysozyme E 1200 Polydextrose E 1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone E 1202 Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone E 1404 Oxidised starch E 1410 Monostarch phosphate E 1412 Distarch phosphate E 1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate E 1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate E 1420 Acetylated starch E 1422 Acetylated distarch adipate E 1440 Hydroxy propyl starch E 1442 Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate E 1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate E 1451 Acetylated oxidised starch E 1505 Triethyl citrate E 1518 Glyceryl triacetate (triacetin)... 

Foam Stabilizer 1505 Triethyl citrate 20 26th Series 710, p 19, 1984... 

Butyl benzyl phthalate Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate cPC Acetyl triethyl citrate Tributoxy ethyl phosphate Dibutoxy ethyl adipate... 

Acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) Excellent plasticizer for NC and CAB-based propellants. Also imparts desirable nonvulnerability properties and was used in the original XM-39 LOVA gun propellants [167]. 

Citric acid is a weak acid and loses hydrogen ions from its three carboxyl groups (COOH) in solution. The loss of a hydrogen ion from each group in the molecule results in the citrate ion, C3H50(C00)33. A citric acid molecule also forms intermediate ions when one or two hydrogen atoms in the carboxyl groups ionize. The citrate ion combines with metals to form salts, the most common of which is calcium citrate. Citric acid forms esters to produce various citrates, for example trimethyl citrate and triethyl citrate. 

Polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PYAP) dissolves at pH higher than 5 and is soluble in ethanol. Plasticizers that are used with PVAP include triethyl citrate, glyceryl triacetate, and acetyltriethyl citrate. 

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) dissolves at pH higher than 5, and there are three kinds of HPMCAS—AS-LG, AS-MG, and AS-HG. Triethyl citrate is a common plasticizer used with HPMCAS. 

II Separately suspend Kollicoat MAE30DP in the solution of propylene glycol or triethyl citrate. 

Other Plasticizers. Acetyl tributyl citrate is an outstanding nontoxic plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride in food packaging Plastisol formulations containing this ester have exceptional viscosity stability. Acetyl triethyl citrate is a good plasticizer for the cellulosics and acetyl trioctyl citrate shows promise with vmylidene chloride polymers. Other compounds of diverse nature find application as plasticizers. These include tetra-w-butyl thiodisuceinate, camphor, o-nitrobiphenyl and partially hydrogenated isomeric terphenyls... 

Bergamot oil is adulterated in various ways, e.g., with oil of turpentine, oil or terpenes of lemon, orange terpenes, fatty oils, waxes, resin, gurjun and Canada balsam, cedarwood oil, mineral oils, chlorinated compounds of oil of turpentine, organic acids, various esters (diethyl succinate, triethyl citrate, diethyl oxalate, terpinyl acetate, esters of oleic, phthalic, tartaric and acetic acids). Such adulteration is usually made judiciously, the genuine oil being treated with such quantities of one or more picked adulterants as will not alter too markedly the characters of the oil itself.1... 

Other formulation parameters that may be used to modulate the release include the ratio (relative concentrations) of polymers in the case of incorporation of a mix of two or more polymers as primary coating material, the properties of the core material, and the amount of plasticizers used, which affects the strength of the coat. Plasticizers with low water solubility such as dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, tri-acetin, triethyl citrate, and acetylated monoglyceride result in delaying... 

Other excipients used in film-coating may influence the dissolution of the polymers [36], For instance, plasticizers may increase or decrease dissolution rate, depending on whether a lipophilic or a hydrophilic plasticizer was used. Using this effect, the time-to-action of a drug may be improved (e.g., by using a hydrophilic plasticizer like triethyl citrate). Usually these effects are not detectable, if... 

Ethylcellulose, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, PEG, polysorbate 80, pregelatinized starch, titanium dioxide, triethyl citrate... 

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