Product importation

Economic Aspects. Eigures on U.S. production, imports, and projected demand of chloroacetic acid are Hsted in Table 2 (24). The majority of imported chloroacetic acid is produced in Germany. Western European capacity for chloroacetic acid is in excess of 225,000 metric tons per year. In 1990 the price was 1.25 to 1.36/kg (24,25). 

Table 1. Natural Gas Reserves, Production, Imports, and Exports ...

Market Production Imports Exports Apparent Imports relative to ... 

General amine chemistry is appHcable to fatty amines. Many chemical reactions using fatty amines as reactive intermediates are mn on an industrial scale to produce a wide range of important products. Important industrial reactions are as follows. 

Table 9 is a summary of world toluene supply and demand for 1996. North America, Asia, and Western Europe dominated the world s toluene business ia 1996. The three regions together accounted for over 85% of world production, imports, exports, and actual consumption, respectively. North America led ia production and consumption, while Asia led ia imports and exports. Table 10 presents the world toluene supply and demand. The worldwide demand for toluene increased by 7% from 1993 to 1994 and from 1994 to 1995, consecutively, because of higher hydrodealkylation (HDA) and disproportionation (TDP) operations, plus strong demand for all other derivatives. Over 70% of toluene is derived from a single source, catalytic reformate. 

Region Capacity Production Imports Exports Actual Consumption... 

Year Estimated production Imports Exports Apparent demand... 

Estimated imports of calcium chloride increased more than tenfold between 1984 and 1988, from 10,000 to 139,700 metric tons on a 100 wt % basis (10). Import figures (12) do not distinguish between solution or dry calcium chloride or the purity of dry products. Thus estimates of imported quantities involve an assessment of the mix of products imported and ultimate conversion to 100% basis. Imports in 1989 totaled 119,000 metric tons, 75% of which were from Canada (12). Canada is the principal trading partner with the United States for calcium chloride because of use as a deicing chemical and the... 

Marketing. Most of the cocoa beans and products imported into the United States are done so by New York and London trade houses. The New York Sugar, Coffee, and Cocoa Exchange provides a mechanism by which both chocolate manufacturers and trade houses can hedge their cocoa bean transactions. Additional information on the functions of the New York Cocoa Exchange is available (3). 

Cumene production follows the demand for phenol and its derivatives. In 1987, the U.S. cumene demand, estimated at 1.9 million metric tons, was supphed by about 1.8 million metric tons of domestic production imports made up the balance. Based on a trend from 1985 on, the demand is projected to increase at about 3% per year through 1995. 

Separation of individual saturated hydrocarbons from the petroleum fractions and subsequent conversion to more useful products. Important examples are n-butane to butadiene and cyclohexane to nylon intermediates. 

A mechanism was proposed31 for the formation of di-D-fructose dianhydrides from inulin and fructose. It was suggested that a-D-Fru/-1,2 2,1 - 3-D-Fru/ [difructose anhydride I (5)] formed first and then isomerized via ionic intermediates to produce the remaining products. Important support for the concept of the reversibility of the isomerization was the observation that ot-D-Frup-1,2 2,1 - 3-D-Frup (4) and p-D-Frup-1,2 2,1 - 3-D-Frup produced, upon treatment with HF, the same product mixture as did D-fructose. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Methyl parathion is commercially produced in the United States and abroad. Since 1977, production volume statistics for methyl parathion have been combined with those of ethyl parathion, also known as parathion. In 1983, the combined production capacity was estimated at 29 million kg for the United States and 10-15 million kg for western Europe (lARC 1983). Data on recent production in the United States were not located. In 1980,... 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Endosulfan is distributed in the environment as a result of its use as an insecticide (Gregor and Gummer 1989 NRCC 1975 Strachan et al. 1980). Humans may be exposed through the ingestion or use of contaminated food (Gartrell et al. 1986 Podrebarac 1984a) or tobacco products (EPA 1982a), contact with media from contaminated hazardous waste sites (principally soils), or insecticide apphcafion (Oudbier et al. 1974 Wolfe et al. 1972). 

Although endosulfan is currently produced for use as an insecticide, information on the current production, import, and export of endosulfan by the United States is limited. Annual production volumes in the United States were 3 million pounds in 1980 (Sitfig 1980), and 10,000 metric tons (approximately 22 million pounds) worldwide were reported in 1984 (WHO 1984). However, as of 1982, endosulfan was no longer produced in the United States (HSDB 1999). Although U.S. imports of endosulfan are reportedly substantial, the most recent import information (182,000 kg) was for the year 1982 (HSDB 1999). Additional information on the producfion/formulation, import, and export volumes for endosulfan would be useful in assessing the extent to which, and conditions under which, humans may be exposed to endosulfan or endosulfan sulfate. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. Humans are at risk of exposure to trichloroethylene because of its widespread use and distribution in the environment. Production, import, and use of the chemical are known to be relatively high, but recent quantitative data were not available (HSDB 1994). Trichloroethylene is released to the atmosphere mainly through its use in vapor degreasing operations (EPA 1985e). Landfills can be a concentrated source of trichloroethylene on a local scale. It is also released to surface water and land in sewage sludges and industrial liquid or solid waste. Trichloroethylene is... 

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