Plastisol formulation

Crespo JE, Balart R, Sanchez L, Lopez J (2007) Substitution of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate as a plasticizer for industrial vinyl plastisol formulations. J Appl Polym Sci 104 1215-1220... 

Other Plasticizers. Acetyl tributyl citrate is an outstanding nontoxic plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride in food packaging Plastisol formulations containing this ester have exceptional viscosity stability. Acetyl triethyl citrate is a good plasticizer for the cellulosics and acetyl trioctyl citrate shows promise with vmylidene chloride polymers. Other compounds of diverse nature find application as plasticizers. These include tetra-w-butyl thiodisuceinate, camphor, o-nitrobiphenyl and partially hydrogenated isomeric terphenyls... 

Particle Size Analysis. The PSD for each unground resin in a plastisol formulation (using dibutyl sebacate as the plasticizer) was determined with the following outcome ... 

Kaolin has a use in plastisol formulations giving good rheological control. Calcium carbonate is also used in this area. An alternative to calcium carbonate, phyllite, has been evaluated. This material, which contains quartz, muscovite and kaolinite, was characterised on the basis of paste viscosity, gelation and fusion behaviour, and mechanical properties (70). 

A compatibility stability idiosyncrasy of diisodecyl adipate (DIDA) could pose a troublesome problem. A PVC plastisol formulated with DIDA and fused in an oven for 10 min at 175 C will exude but if the fusion period is lengthened to 0.5 h, it will not. One explanation is the dielectric constant of DIDA is below A it should be incompatible and therefore exude. However, upon extensive heating in air this oxidation-susceptible plasticizer builds up peroxides, undergoes chain scission and weight loss, and changes in compatibility. As shown in Table I, if the oxidation phenomenon is negated in per se DIDA by the presence of an antioxidant, bisphenol A, the plasticizer remains unchanged in dielectric constant and predictably would be incompatible (20). 

RenosoL [Renosol] Plastisol formulations and polyurethane systems. 

The order of addition was as given in the table, meaning that the first nitrile rubber was dissolved in the aliphatic solvent, followed by the addition of plasticizer, before PVC and its thermal stabilizer were added. The plastisol formulation is suitable for production of gloves, shoes, boots, tool handles and wire goods, such as dishwasher racks, dishdrainer baskets, and napkin holders. 

Chem. Descrip. PEG-8 laurate CAS 9004-81-3 EINECS/ELINCS 253-458-0 Uses Emulsifier dispersant detergent lubricant vise, control agent in plastisol formulations wetting agent and defoamer in latex paint cosmetics ingred. 

Features Good disp. In both organosol and plastisol formulations low residual emulsifier level provides good clarity, moisture blush resist. fine grind and stable vise, chars, for thin film applies. 

Features Low residual emulsifier level provides good moisture blush resist, and clarity high m.w. provides good fused film props. good disp. for easier plastisol formulation... 

Chem. Descrip. Vinyl chloride homopolymer Uses PVC for blown foams, fabric coalings, plastisol printing inks Features Med. m.w. provid good balance of fused film physical props, and tusion chars. exc. chem. foam chars, with good oveitlow resist good disp. tor easier plastisol formulation Properties Wh. tine powd. sp. gr. 1.40 bulk dens. 0.34-0.42 g/cm relative vise. 2.34 (1% in cyclohexanone) 0.06% moisture Geon 213 [PolyOne/Specialty Resins]... 

Uses Stabilizer for PVC, suspension resin and plastisol formulations, coil coatings, tarpaulins, emulsion resins Features Good weathering performance Lankromark LZB325 [Akcros Am.]... 

Synonyms POE (5) monococoate Definition PEG ester of coconut acid Formula RCO-(OCH2CH2)nOH, RCO- rep. fatty acids from coconut oil, avg. n = 5 Properties Nonionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Emulsifier, lubricant additive for metal, textiles, cosmetics, defoamers vise, control agent in plastisol formulations in food-pkg. adhesives... 

Properties Nonionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Emulsifier in cosmetics pigment dispersant, defoamer leveling agent for paints detergent lubricant metal formulations textiles plastisol formulations in food-pkg. adhesives... 

Figure 9.7. Difference spectra of plastisols formulated with 65 phr of DBF, DOP, and DIDP as compared to the spectrum of PVC (a) between 3100 and 2700 cm" (b) between 1600 and 580 cm". [Reprinted from European Polymer Journal, Vol. 33, Beltran M., Garcia J.C., Maroilla A., Infrared Spectral Changes in PVC and Plasticized PVC during Gelation and Fusion, p. 453-462, 1997, with permission from Elsevier Science].

Formulation Examples Flooring Wear Layer Plastisol Formulation (153)... 

Zinc borates have also found uses in PVC formulations. They have been shown to be effective flame/smoke suppressants when used as partial replacements for the antimony oxide that is normally used in a t3 ical flexible PVC cable jacket, for example. For flexible vinyl and PVC plastisol formulations, a half to two-thirds of the antimony trioxide can be replaced by zinc borate without loss of flame retardancy. If a small decrease in flame retardancy can be tolerated, all of the antimony trioxide can be replaced with zinc borate, leading to smoke reductions of up to 65%. The flame retardancy can be increased and smoke formation decreased by adding aitunonium octamolybdate to the borate-containing formulations. 

To minimize air entrapment in plastisol manufacture and application, promoting faster air release and quicker de-gassing under vacuum, methyl alkyl polysiloxane and silicone-free compounds of polyalkylane derivatives are used. Addition should not exceed 0.5 phr or 0.2-1.0% depending on plastisol formulation. 

PlaStiSOlS. Plastisols, commonly called pastes, are dispersions of PVC powders in plasticizers. A wide range of plasticizers are used in plastisol formulations, but the most widely used are C4-C12 esters such as phthalates, adipates, azelates, sebacates, trimellitates, and phosphates. Chlorinated paraffins are used as secondary plasticizers. A good plasticizer should have low volatility, low color value, neutral reaction, resistance to hydrolysis, insolubility in water, flame resistance, and nontoxicity. As no plasticizer can satisfy all these properties, several plasticizers are mixed to achieve the desired properties of the final prodnct. Table 8 shows the influence of plasticizers on plastisol properties Table 9, the inflnence of plasticizers on final product properties and Table 10, the inflnence of resin characteristics on plastisol and final prodnct properties. 

The other essential ingredients in plastisol formulations are as follows ... 

All the plasticizers covered in Section4.5.4 can be used with dispersion resins but the phthalates are the most common. A sample plastisol formulation might include 100 parts of resin, 60 phr plasticizer plus 2-3 phr barium/zinc stabilizer. 

The effect of resin molecular weight on the physical properties of plastisol compositions is the same as for flexible PVC. The incorporation of blending resin or copolymer resin into a plastisol formulation will generally decrease physical properties versus plastisol formulations based entirely on dispersion resin of the same molecular weight. 

As the plasticizer levels of a plastisol formulation decrease, the resulting viscosity of the plastisol will increase. Higher levels of surfactant on the dispersion resin will normally help to reduce the viscosity of plastisol formulations containing low levels of plasticizer. Another common practice to reduce plastisol viscosity is the use of blending resins. 

Gel/Foam Layer Most resihent flooring manufacturing processes coat an azodicarbonamide-containing or mechanicaUy foamed plastisol formulation onto a substrate. It is desirable to achieve a product with consistent foam density throughout, with smaU, uniform ceUs. This yields a more durable product with better resistance to deformation over time. As stated many times before, the key to achieving a... 

Low to medium viscosity at low shear rates and the absence of thixotropy are normally desirable characteristics for slush molded plastisol formulations. These formulation traits will facilitate drainage after the gelation step and leave a part with a minimum of drip and run marks on the interior skin surface." Resin selection can help yield plastisols with these desired rheological characteristics. 

The most common PVC copolymer resin type used in plastisol formulation is the PVC/vinyl acetate copolymer, and we will concentrate on the use of this type of copolymer resin. PVC/vinyl acetate copolymers are normally used to speed gelation and fusion in plastisol compounds. This provides benefits in many different plastisol applications. The downside to the improved gelation and fusion characteristics is that plastisol compositions containing PVC/vinyl acetate copolymas have worse shelf stability and poorer physical properties than the same compositions based solely on homopolymer resins of the same molecular weight. Another negative eharacter-istie of these resins is that they tend to be less heat-stable than their homopolymer cormterparts. 

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