Plasticizers primary

Primary intermediates Primary nucleation Primary ozomdes Primary plasticizer Primary recycling Primary structure Primary tastes Primatene Mist Primaxin Prime+... 

The diisobutyrate ester of trimethylpentanediol is an economical, low color primary plasticizer for use ia surface coatings, vinyl flooring, moldings, and other vinyl products. This diester is commercially available from Eastman as Kodaflex TXIB plasticizer (49). 

External Plasticizers. There are two distinct groups of external plasticizers. A primary plasticizer, when added to a polymer, causes the properties of elongation and softness of the polymer to be increased. These changes are brought about by mechanisms described below. A secondary plasticizer, when added to the polymer alone, does not bring about these changes and may have limited compatibiUty with the polymer. However, when added to the polymer in combination with a primary plasticizer, secondary plasticizers enhance the plasticizing performance of the primary plasticizer. For this reason secondary plasticizers are also known as extenders. 

DiisononylPhthalate andDiisodeeylPhthalate. These primary plasticizers are produced by esterification of 0x0 alcohols of carbon chain length nine and ten. The 0x0 alcohols are produced through the carbonylation of alkenes (olefins). The carbonylation process (eq. 3) adds a carbon unit to an alkene chain by reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen with heat, pressure, and catalyst. In this way a Cg alkene is carbonylated to yield a alcohol a alkene is carbonylated to produce a C q alcohol. Due to the distribution of the C=C double bond ia the alkene and the varyiag effectiveness of certain catalysts, the position of the added carbon atom can vary and an isomer distribution is generally created ia such a reaction the nature of this distribution depends on the reaction conditions. Consequendy these alcohols are termed iso-alcohols and the subsequent phthalates iso-phthalates, an unfortunate designation ia view of possible confusion with esters of isophthaUc acid. 

Secondary Plasticizers. Also known as extenders, secondary plasticizers continue to play a significant role ia flexible PVC formulations. They do not impart flexibiHty to the PVC resia alone, but when combiaed with a primary plasticizer act ia such a way as to add flexibiHty to the final product. 

Plasticized PVC. Chlorinated paraffins are employed as secondary plasticizers with fire-retardant properties in PVC and can be used as partial replacements for primary plasticizers (qv) such as phthalates (1) and phosphate esters (2). 

By selection of those chlorinated paraffins specifically developed for the PVC industry to match the properties of primary plasticizers, reductions in costs can be achieved without significant change in properties. However, certain aspects can be improved by the inclusion of chlorinated paraffin such as flame resistance, chemical and water resistance, low temperature performance, and the viscosity aging stabiUty in plastisols. 

Primary and secondary plasticizers can be distinguished. Primary plasticizers are compatible with the polymer, while secondary plasticizers are less compatible... 

Mechanical recycling uses MPW as a replacement for primary plastic resin. 

Plasticizers should be relatively nonvolatile, nonmobile, inert, inexpensive, nontoxic, and compatible with the system to be plasticized. They can be divided based on their solvating power and compatibility. Primary plasticizers are used as either the sole plasticizer or the major plasticizer with the effect of being compatible with some solvating nature. Secondary plasticizers are materials that are generally blended with a primary plasticizer to improve some performance such as flame or mildew resistance, or to reduce cost. The division between primary and secondary plasticizers is at times arbitrary. Here we will deal with primary plasticizers. 

D) D. Perfumo (of Bombrini-Parodi-Delfino S.p.A.), ItalP 696714 (1965) CA 65, 16784 (1966) [In the manuf of solid rocket proplnts of the extruded type, the action of plasticizers on the primary proplnt is accelerated by the addn of small amts of N-alkylformamides (such as HCONMe2). Processing temps can be low and primary plasticizers (such as alkylphthalates)... 

A distinction should be made between solvent plasticizers and nonsolvent plasticizers. With an amorphous polymer, any plasticizer is a solvent plasticizer— i.e., under suitable conditions the polymer would eventually dissolve in the plasticizer. With a crystalline or semicrystalline polymer, there are some compounds which enter both the crystalline (ordered) and the amorphous (disordered) regions. These are true plasticizers-sometimes they are called primary plasticizers. If, on the other hand, only the amorphous regions are penetrated, the compound may be considered as a nonsolvent plasticizer, also known as a secondary plasticizer, or softener. Such softeners are used sometimes as diluents for the primary plasticizer. 

Chlorinated wax is considered a secondary plasticizer for PVC because it has limited compatibility 11) and low plasticizer efficiency, compared with primary plasticizers such as dioctyl phthalate. It has good permanence properties—for... 

The plasticizer efficiency of chlorinated paraffins is low as compared with conventional primary plasticizers. This is shown in Figure 3, where the 100% modulus of plasticized PVC increases as dioctyl phthalate is replaced by a commercial chlorinated paraffin (C20 average, 46.0% Cl). 

Plasticizer compatibility is a second limiting property. This results from the fact the chloroparaffins containing less than approximately 40% chlorine have poor compatibility when used in conjunction with primary plasticizers 11). This is shown qualitatively in Table IV for a chlorinated single component w-paraffin at a level of 20% replacement of dioctyl phthalate. It is evident that the exudation first reaches its lowest value in the range 40 to 45% chlorine. This level of chlorine appears to be a minimum regardless of the length of the carbon chain of the paraffin. 

Primary plasticizers may be further subdivided. The phthalate types me by far the most popular due to cost and ease of incorporation. Dioctyl phthalate and diisooctyl phthalate are typical of this class, They exhibit good general -purpose properties. Phosphate plasticizers are also important for general-purpose use. Typical of these are tritolyl phosphate and trixylenyl phosphate. These plasticizers also impart fire retardant properties. Low-temperature plasticizers, such as dibntyl sebacate, are used where good low-temperature flexibility is required, For maximum... 

A considerable range of plasticizers is available but those used most commonly are phthalate esters such as dioctyl or dinonyl phthalate (DOP or DNP). If it should be necessary to reduce the temperature of fusion, or to increase the rate of fusion (as with some expandable plastisols) a fast-solvating plasticizer such as butyl benzyl phthalate may be employed. Besides primary plasticizers such as these, less efficient secondary plasticizers (like chlorinated paraffins) can be included with a view to reducing costs and improving flame retardance. 

The effect of the epoxy constituent is particularly pronounced where the trialkyl phosphate is a major component of the primary plasticizer system (Table IV). 

PCAs (typically medium carbon chain length compounds of 50 - 60 wt% Cl) are also used as secondary plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and in other plastics (polyesters, polyolefins, polystyrene) and rubbers (neoprene). PCAs can partially replace primary plasticizers such as phthalates and phosphate esters [21]. As plasticizers, PCAs lend flame retardancy to the product, unlike phthalate esters [5]. They are added prior to the processing step for the polymer. 

The second type comprises pigment-containing nail enamels. The coloring tints, pigments, pearls, and lakes are suspended with the aid of an organophilic, thixotropic gellant, such as stearalkonium hectorite in a non-aqueous vehicle, containing butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and isopropyl alcohol solvents in which the primary plasticized nitrocellulose and toluene sulfonamide—formaldehyde resin film formers are dissolved. Nail enamel is an excellent example of a permanent suspension in a non-aqueous vehicle. 

Benzoflex [Velsicol], TM for a series of plasticizers that are dibenzoate esters of dipropylene glycol or any of several polyethylene glycols. Use Primary plasticizer for vinyl resins adhesive formulations some grades in food-packaging adhesives. 

Use Primary plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride and copolymer resins. 

Use Primary plasticizer that will polymerize if not inhibited, a monomer that will polymerize with heat and catalyst. Forms low-pressure laminates with various fillers such as glass cloth, paper, etc., for electrical insulation. 

Use Primary plasticizer for most resins, imparting flexibility at very low temperature as well as stability to UV light. 

Use Primary plasticizer for most resins and elastomers, floor finishes and waxes, flame-retarding agent. 

Plasticizers may be divided into two categories on the basis of their solvating power and compatibility with resins. Primary plasticizers can solvate resins and, within certain limits, retain compatibility on aging. Secondary plasticizers have limited solubility and compatibility and are, therefore, used only in conjunction with a primary plasticizer. Plasticizer compatibility is now largely related to cohesive energy density (which can be calculated from the structure) or solubility parameter. 

Development of epoxidized soya oil, as an acid-absorbing and low-volatile flexibilizing agent, provided the quantum jump in heat stability. High concentrations of epoxidized soya oil could be used as a replacement for much of the primary plasticizers with attendant improvement in the composition s thermal tolerance. 

---