Acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC

Concern over the migration of plasticisers from packaging materials has led to various studies, amongst which monitoring levels of various phthalates from coatings of regenerated cellulose film [433] and of acetyl-tributyl citrate (ATBC) from vinylidene chloride/vinyl... 

Samples. CDC-treated nickel-plated steel sheets (nickel coating weight of 600 mg/m and chromium coating weight of 6 mg/m ) were oiled with about 5 mg/m of dioctyl sebacate (DOS) or acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and were employed as original samples. 

Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), effect on adhesion of UV-oured lacquer, 163... 

In another research, Wang et al. [36] investigated the effect of carbon black (CB) on mechanical and thermal properties of plasticized PLA. They used two different plasticizer, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and poly( 1,3-butylene adipate) (PBA) and revealed the plasticizers improved interaction existed between PLA and CB. The FT-IR spectra revealed that with increasing CB content in each... 

Toxicological and carcinogenic aspects are very important for plasticizers destined to be used in toy manufacture but they are not known at this time for most of these plasticizers to ensure their safe use in this application. Presently known facts seem to indicate that some of the plasticizers may be potentially useful to replace phthalates. A report prepared for the European Commission Directorate-General Enterprise indicates a lower health risk with acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC. It was also reported that the substitution of phthalates by benzoates (such as the diethylene glycol dibenzoate), alkylsulfonic phenyl esters, and possibly some adipates, trimellitates, sebacates and azelates should reduce health hazards however it is also recognized that the information available for DOA and ATBC is much less extensive than that available for phthalates. 

Additionally, Quero et al studied the isothermal cold-crystallization of PLA/PBAT blends with and without acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC). SEM results showed that the blends exhibited two phases, but partial miscibility changes in both, Tg and Tn, of the PLA phase, a relationship of the spherulitic growth rate with the blend eomposition and the occlusion of PBAT droplets within PLA spherulites. ATBC acted like a plasticizer for both phases (neat PLA and PBAT). In the ease of blends, ATBC prefers to be included inside the PBAT-rieh phase. There was a synergistic effect on the overall crystallization rate of PLA when both ATBC and PBAT were present in the blend. 

Fig. 4.7 Effect of plasticizer on glass transition temperature of HPC/PEO (50 50) films [Tiiethyl citrate (TEC), Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC)]...

Wang et al. tested different plasticizers—dioctyl phthalate, dioctyl seba-cate, and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC)— with PHB. From the DSC measurements, they concluded that only the addition of ATBC leads to an obvious decline in Tg and improves other thermal characteristics. However, ATBC does little to improve the mechanical properties. ... 

From these different studies, it seems that acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) is the most efficient plasticizer for the main PHAs, i.e. PHB and PHBV. 

Nontoxic Citrates Nontoxic citrate plasticizers derived from natural citric acid, such as triethyl citrate (TC), tributyl citrate (TBC), acetyl triethyl citrate (ATC), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), and triacetine, have been shown to be effective plasticizers for PLA [27-29]. Some gas permeability tests have been performed to assess the potential use of PLA and nontoxic citrate plasticizer blends in food packaging and other applications. The effect of ATBC on PLA barrier properties was studied by Coltelli et al. [30] using PLA mixed with ATBC (10-35 wt%), followed by compression molding. Yu et al. [31] blended PLA/ATBC mixmres with carbon black (CB) to form electrically conductive polymer composites. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) experiments revealed that the interaction between the PLA/ATBC matrix and the CB filler was increased by the addition of ATBC. Water vapor permeability values decreased with an increase in ATBC content (at constant CB levels). For example, at 30wt% CB, the WVP of the PLA decreased from 0.66 x 10 kgm/(msPa) (at 0% ATBC) to 0.10 X 10 kgm/(msPa) with the addition of 30% ATBC. 

Different approaches have been investigated to improve properties of PBAT/PLA blends to meet specific requirements. Reinforcing the blends with cellulose fiber, limestone, and/or clay led to an increase in tensile modulus but decreases in tensile strength and elongation at break [195]. The drawback of reinforcement techniques is the weak adhesion between fibers and the polymer/clay matrix [195]. Plasticization of PBAT/PLA blends (comprised of 10-25 wt % PBAT) with acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) (from 5-30 wt %) decreased Tg, 7)., and and increased the degree of... 

Citrates are fast-fusing plasticizers, especially when compared to many of the phthalate alternatives. Unfortunately citrates are not as permanent because of high volatility losses, and the finished PVC products do not remain as flexible for as long as those prepared from more permanent plasticizers. Citrates are often used in blends with the harder-to-process terephthalate or cyclohexanoate plasticizers, but in these applications, because of costs, dibenzoate plasticizers may be preferred. Citrate esters also find uses with other plastics such as acrylics, cellulosic polymers, and vinyl acetate. Acetylated tributyl citrate (ATBC) does have a number of food contact and medical approvals and is commonly found in toys, often in combination with DEHTP or DC9CH. 

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