Pine balsam

It is obtained mainly from pine balsam, balsam, and root resins where its contents range between 10 and... 

CAS 8006-64-2 (steam distilled) 8052-14-0 9005-90-7 977022-00-6 (rectified) EINECS/ELINCS 232-350-7 232-688-5 UN 1299 (DQT) 1300 (DQT) FEMA 3088 Synonyms Gum turpentine Pine balsam Pine gum Purified gum spirits Spirits of turpentine Spirit of turpentine Terebenthine Turpentine gum Turpentine oil Turpentine oil, rectified Turpentine oil, rectifier Turpentine, purified Turpentine, rectified Turpentine steam distilled Wood turpentine... 

Pineapple ketone. See 4-Hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H) furanone Pine balsam. See Turpentine Pine bark, white. See Pine (Pinus strobus) bark Pine gum. See Turpentine Pine lignin CAS 37203-80-8 Synonyms Kraft pine lignin Properties Anionic... 

Turpentine Oil. The world s largest-volume essential oil, turpentine [8006-64-2] is produced ia many parts of the world. Various species of piaes and balsamiferous woods are used, and several different methods are appHed to obtain the oils. Types of turpentines include dry-distiUed wood turpentine from dry distillation of the chopped woods and roots of pines steam-distilled wood turpentine which is steam-distilled from pine wood or from solvent extracts of the wood and sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of the production of sulfate ceUulose. From a perfumery standpoint, steam-distilled wood turpentine is the only important turpentine oil. It is rectified to yield pine oil, yellow or white as well as wood spirits of turpentine. Steam-distilled turpentine oil is a water-white mobile Hquid with a refreshing warm-balsamic odor. American turpentine oil contains 25—35% P-pinene (22) and about 50% a-pinene (44). European and East Indian turpentines are rich in a-pinene (44) withHtfle P-pinene (22), and thus are exceUent raw materials... 

Turpentine, the pleasantly smelling piney solvent, gets its name from the Greek word for the tree from which turpentine was distilled. As a solvent, turpentine has medical uses to treat wounds, to combat lice infestation and as an inhalant (the well-known Vick s vapom rub used to contain turpentine). Turpentine is a mixture of 10 carbon hydrocarbons (C,o), and the composition varies depending on the tree species (usually a pine or balsam) from which it has been distilled. It was recognised that a family of Cjo terpenes... 

Dwarf pine-needle oil is obtained in Austria (Tyrol) and other mountainous areas of central and southeast Europe by steam distillation of fresh needles and twig tips of Pinus mugo Turra subsp. mugo Zenan and subsp. pumilio (Haenke) Franco. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant, balsamic odor. 

Balsam turpentine oil is obtained from the resins of living trees of suitable Pinus species by distillation at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 180°C, or by other fractionation methods, which do not change the terpene composition of the resins. Wood turpentine oils, on the other hand, are generally obtained by steam distillation of chopped tree trunks, dead wood, or of resin extracted from this wood. Sulfate turpentine oil is produced as waste in the manufacture of cellulose by the sulfate process and is also a wood turpentine. Pine oil is another wood turpentine oil that is obtained by dry distillation of suitable pine and fir trees, followed by fractionation. However, the term pine oil is nowadays used for a product which is manufactured by hydration of turpentine oil (a-pinene). The resulting product is a mixture of monoterpenes containing o-terpineol as the main component. In addition to many other technical purposes, it is used to a large extent in cheap perfumes for technical applications. 

Besides these genuine, natural turpentines, artificial products (Turpentine substitutes, Artificial turpentines) are also sold, these having as their basis, colophony, resin oils, fatty oils, oil of turpentine, pine oil, or resin spirit. Such products have the external appearance of ordinary or larch turpentine, but their odour never possesses the peculiar balsam-like quality characteristic of the latter. 

A composition of balsam ingredients is disclosed. It contains color, natural honey, milk, nut infusion, nut aromatic alcohol, sugar, Jerusalem artichoke infusion, black choke-berry juice, ashberry juice, St. John s wort, blackcurrant leaves, cherry leaves, echinacea, spiruline, pine (young sprouts), and a cinnamon infusion. 

There are a few minor wood-based chemical industries. After chestnut blight wiped out the American chestnut, U.S. tannin production essentially ceased. The main natural tannins, watde and quebracho, are now imported. High U.S. labor costs and the advent of synthetic tannins make re-establishment of a U.S. tannin industry unlikely. Tannins are used in oil-weU drilling muds. Tree exudates are a continuing wood-based chemical industry. Tree exudates include mbber, tme carbohydrate gums (eg, acacia gum), kinos (eg, the phenolic exudates from eucalyptus), balsams (eg, Storax from l iquidambar spp.), and many different types of oleoresins (mixtures of a soHd resin and a liquid essential oil). The most important oleoresin stiU collected in the United States is pine gum (rosin plus turpentine). 

Damage Larvae mine in needles, buds, cones, or twigs of balsam fir, spruce, Douglas fir, hemlock, larch, and pine. One of the most damaging forest pests in North America also damaging in nurseries and ornamental trees. Budworms are the most serious conifer pests in North America, destroying billions of board feet of fir and spruce each... 

Two studies have attempted to use fluorescence to distinguish different wood species. Sum et al. [189] measured the fluorescence emission spectra excited at 308 nm in the heartwood and sapwood of jack pine (Pinus banksiana), white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). Very broad emission between 400 and 600 nm occurs for all these species. Pandey et al. [190] examined the fluorescence of several tropical hardwoods. The fluorescence spectra of the wood extracts were highly dependent on the excitation wavelength, while those of dry solid woods were not. 

The odor is warm-fruity, caramellic-sweet with emphasis on the caramellic note in the dry state, while solutions of maltol show a pronounced fruity, jam-like odor of pineapple, strawberry-type. Depending of the solvent, sometimes more balsamic, pine-like with fruity undertones (Arctander, 1967). The measured flavor threshold in water is 20.0ppm (Brule et al, 1971) or 7.1 ppm (Keith and Powers, 1968). 

The availability of both the cellulose and hemicellulose in untreated wood sawdust is low and for conifers such as lodgepole pine, eastern hemlock, and balsam fir is essentially zero. 

Wood wastes do sometimes contain substances that are toxic to plants. In the studies with the 28 species of trees, Allison (1965) reported that most of the woods and barks were not toxic, but California incense cedar and white pine bark were very toxic to garden peas even at the rates of 1 and 2% added to soil in the presence of adequate nitrogen and lime. The woods of red cedar, Ponderosa pine, and loblolly pine, and the barks of California incense cedar and yellow poplar were slightly toxic at the 2-4% rates. The toxicity symptoms usually decreased with time during the two- to three-month period following addition to the soil. There have also been reports that a few other woods, such as walnut, hemlock, fir, and balsam are sometimes, but not always, toxic. Toxicity seems to vary with the age of the tree, and is also dependent upon the quantity added and the test plant. Decomposition time curves, reported by Allison, indicate that it is not uncommon for wood products to slightly retard early decomposition, apparently until the toxic materials disappear. The chemical nature of any toxic products present is not known with certainty but some investigators have attributed the toxicity to resins, turpentine and tannins. 

Turpentine oil [8006-64-2] (DIN 53248). Only pure ethereal oil obtained from the distillation of the resinous secretion of living pine trees, and from which no valuable constituents (e.g., pinene) have been extracted, may be used as balsam terpentine oil (RAL, Sheet 848C). All turpentine oils obtained in any other way must be specially labelled with details of their source. Oils of turpentine from different countries differ in composition. American and Greek oils contain predominantly D-pinene, whereas French, Spanish, and Portuguese oils contain L-pinene. 

Balsam T Produced by steam distillation from the oil-containing resin (balsamic resin, turpentine), secreted from the trunks of pine trees as pathological symptom (wound balsam) when the outer wood layer is injured. The residue is colophony consisting of di-terpene resin acids. 

This natural resin is used in adhesives, e.g., adhesive tape, epilating wax, and as a tacky wax to prevent slipping (violinists, gymnasts). It is a residue after distilling oils from certain pine trees. Gum rosin and wood rosin are the two main types. They contain abietic acid which may be the sensitizer. Cross-reactions between rosin and balsam of Peru occur (Fisher 1973, p. 173 Hjorth 1961). 

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