Pine barks

More recently, a modification of the system described by Kreibich has been used extensively in industry with good success. Part A of the adhesive is again a standard phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) cold-setting adhesive, with powder hardener added at its standard pH. Part B can be either the same PRF adhesive with no hardener and the pH adjusted to 12, or a 50 to 55% tannin extract solution at a pH of 12-13, provided that the tannin is of the condensed or flavonoid type, such as mimosa, quebracho, or pine bark extract, with no hardener [118,135-137], The results obtained with these two systems are good and the resin not only has all the advantages desired but also the use of vegetable tannins and the halving of the resorcinol content makes the system considerably cheaper [118,135-137]. 

NARDINI M, SCACCINI c, PACKER L and VIRGILI F (2000) In vivo inhibition of the activity of phosphorylase kinase, protein kinase C and protein kinase A by caffeic acid and a procyanidin rich pine bark (Pinus maritima) extract Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1474, 219-25. 

Silva et al. (2007) characterized a municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) based on standardized European Methods (ECN) for soil improvers and growing media and found that MSWC presents a lower C/N ratio (15) than peat and composted pine bark. 

Chen, W.Y. Pyrolysis and combustion kinetics of pine bark, AlChE Symp. Ser. 307, 91, 143-153, (1995). 

The removal of metal ions from waste aqueous solutions is of importance to many countries of the world both environmentally and for water re-use. The application of low-cost sorbents including carbonacceous materials, agricultural products and waste by-products has been investigated [1], Several researchers employing wide variety techniques have attempted removal of metal ions from contaminated water bodies. Majorities of these are adsorption on various surfaces. In recent years, agricultured by products have been widely studied for metal removal from water. These include peat [2], pine bark [3], banana peat [4], peanut shells [5], sawdust [6] and leaves [7]. 

Stark et o/. and Miller et reported that oxidant (ozone) injury to ponderosa pine predisposed the trees to later invasion by pine bark beeides. The beetles increase the rate of decline and may be the final cause of tree mortality (see Chapter 12). It is possible that oxidant stress in other parts of the country contributes to insect infestation in forest areas. Weber (personal communication) has shown that ozone and mixtures of ozone with sulfur dioxide (0.25 ppm, 4 h/day) can decrease the population of four nematodes associated with soybean. These... 

The genera] increase in injury in the severe and moderate plots is probably related to the 1974 increase in June-September dose (Figure 12-5). Tree mortality among ponderosa and Jeffrey pines was about the same in 1973 and 1974. The largest mortality was at permanent study plots in the moderate injury eatery. Perhaps the populations in these plots still retain greater numbers of the more susceptible genotypes. In earlier years, tree mortality rates for ponderosa or Je y pines in several stands suffering moderate to severe injury were 8% and 10%, respectively, from 1968 to 1972, 8% from 1969 to 1971, and 24% from 1966 to 1%9. The final cause of death of weakened trees is usually the pine bark beetle. Mortality has not been observed in tree species other than ponderosa and Jeffrey pine. 

Oxidant injuiy to ponderosa pine predisposes the trees to later invasion by pine bark beetles. Ozone and ozone-sulfur dioxide mixtures may decrease the population of soybean nematodes. Both greater and smaller effects have been noted when herbicides have been used in the presence of high oxidant concentrations. 

Moini, H., Guo, Q., and Packer, L., Enzyme inhibition and protein-binding action of the procya-nidin-rich french maritime pine bark extract, pycnogenol effect on xanthine oxidase, J. Agric. 

Sc 11 are based on coated AN-They have been prepd by heating AN crysts to 55—65°C and stirring them for 10—15 mins with 1.5—2% of paraffin. Then a pulverized combustible material [such as wood flour, pine bark, peat (called itl Russ, torf,>),... 

Compound CAS Registry Number Pine bark Oak bark Spruce bark... 

More recently the biotransformation of limonene by another Pseudomonad strain, P. gladioli was reported [76,77]. P. gladioli was isolated by an enrichment culture technique from pine bark and sap using a mineral salts broth with limonene as the sole source of carbon. Fermentations were performed during 4-10 days in shake flasks at 25°C using a pH 6.5 mineral salts medium and 1.0% (+)-limonene. Major conversion products were identified as (+)-a-terpineol and (+)-perillic acid. This was the first time that the microbial conversion of limonene to (+)-a-terpineol was reported, see pathway 4. The conversion of limonene to a-terpineol was achieved with an enzyme, a-terpineol dehydratase (a TD), by the same group [78]. The enzyme, purified more than tenfold after cell-disruption of Pseudomonas gladioli, stereospecifically converted (4 )-(+)-limonene to (4/ )-(+)-a-terpineol or (4S)-(+)-limonene to (4S)-(+)-a-terpineol. a-Terpineol is widely distributed in nature and is one of the most commonly used perfume chemicals [27]. 

Example 3. Let us suppose, that an expl contg 20% NaCl (other ingredients being An, TNT pine bark flour) meets the requirement of q being smaller than n, but has the calcd temp of expln equal to 2286°, which is considered too high by Russian standards... 

Gorst (Ref 46, p 105) lists Predokhranitel nyi Ammonit contg AN 68, TNT 10, pine bark (or oil cake) flour 2 NaCl 20% Yaremenko Svetlov (Ref 47, p 162) give props, but no compns of Ammonit No 8 (ugol nyi), Ammonit PJV-20 (ugol nyi), Ammonit AP-1 (porodnyi),... 

Ammonit Predokhramtel nyi (Safety Ammonit). Accdg to Ref 88a, p 392, this current, commercial mining expl consists of AN 68, TNT 10, powd pine bark (or oil cake) 2 NaCl 20%. It has a density of 1.0— 1.05g/cc Brisance by LBCT 11mm (vs 16—17mm for TNT) Trauzl Test Value 240cc (vs 285 for TNT) and Detonation Velocity 2870m/sec (vs 6900 for TNT at d 1.59g/cc)... 

A study was conducted to determine the effects of combinations of organic amendments and benzaldehyde on plant-parasitic and non-parasitic nematode populations, soil microbial activity, and plant growth (Chavarria-Carvajal et al., 2001). Pine bark, velvetbean and kudzu were applied to soil at rates of 30 g/kg and paper waste at 40 g/kg alone and in combination with benzaldehyde (300 mul/kg), for control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Pre-plant and post-harvest soil and soybean root samples were analyzed, and the number of parasitic and non-parasitic nematodes associated with soil and roots were determined. Soil samples were taken at 0, 2, and 10 weeks after treatment to determine population densities of bacteria and fungi. Treatment... 

Catechin is among the principal polyphenolic monomers in white fir and western hemlock barks (10 JJLtJ ) Quercitin occurs in ponderosa pine bark, while dihydroquercitin is found in Douglas fir bark (16 17). The structure of these compounds are as follows ... 

Anderson contributed a paper to the 1956 International Consultation on Insulation Board, Hardboard and Particle Board (26). In addition to a good review of the literature, the paper contained results of further experimentation using the barks of several more species as furnish for wet-process hardboard. New species included ponderosa pine, sugar pine, southern pine, pinyon pine, lodgepole pine, noble fir, and red oak. Ponderosa pine bark produced hardboard comparable to Douglas-fir bark in both strength and moisture resistance. The other species varied widely in these properties. 

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