Pinus species

Citronellol rose oil, lemon oil Chrysin pinus species... 

Figure 6. An example of a pseudoalkaloid. Acetate-derived alkaloid pinidine is extracted from the Pinus species, for example, from Pinus penderosa. (Photo T. Aniszewski). Pinidine has antimicrohial activity.

Balsam turpentine oil is obtained from the resins of living trees of suitable Pinus species by distillation at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 180°C, or by other fractionation methods, which do not change the terpene composition of the resins. Wood turpentine oils, on the other hand, are generally obtained by steam distillation of chopped tree trunks, dead wood, or of resin extracted from this wood. Sulfate turpentine oil is produced as waste in the manufacture of cellulose by the sulfate process and is also a wood turpentine. Pine oil is another wood turpentine oil that is obtained by dry distillation of suitable pine and fir trees, followed by fractionation. However, the term pine oil is nowadays used for a product which is manufactured by hydration of turpentine oil (a-pinene). The resulting product is a mixture of monoterpenes containing o-terpineol as the main component. In addition to many other technical purposes, it is used to a large extent in cheap perfumes for technical applications. 

Pine Pinus palustris or other Pinus species (Pinaceae) needles, twigs... 

Although large amounts of earbon are assumed to be allocated belowground to roots and assoeiated eetomyeorrhizal fungi, only a few studies have actually quantified sueh alloeation in the field (Table 5.1). All studies to date have been on eommon speeies used for timber production in the Pinaceae, with four of the six studies listed in Table 5.1 on Pinus species. None of the estimates in Table 5.1 are for eetomyeorrhizal forests dominated by deciduous trees. Clearly, future work should focus on obtaining a greater variety of field-based estimates. 

Other rust fungi apart from C. ribicola also occur on the Pinus species in question. 

Remove infected Pinus species in the immediate vicinity. 

Cyclohexane monoterpenes are a chemically diverse group of monoterpenoids that occur in the plant kingdom mainly as hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, and phenols (Fig. 5). The saturated hydrocarbon trans-p-menthme (El) is a constituent of the oil of turpentine and the resin of pine (Pinaceae) trees. Its unsaturated analogs, namely (i )-(- -)-limonene (E2) [present in oil of orange (Citrus aurantium) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata, Rutaceae) peel oil] a-terpinene (E3) and terpinolene (E4) in some Citrus, Juniperus, Mentha and Pinus species (i )-(-)-a-phellandrene (E5) in Eucalyptus phellandra (Myrtaceae) and (5)-(- -)-3-phellandrene (E6) in water feimel (Phel-landrium aquaticum, Umbelliferae), are components of many plant volatile oils. The rich chemical diversity of cyclohexane monoterpene alcohols is apparent from the natural occurrence of all four pairs of / -menthan-3-ol enantiomers, for... 

Acetate is also a precursor of several groups of alkaloids in the form of a polyketide chain that interacts with an unknown nitrogen source (as in the terpene alkaloids). Examples of acetate-derived alkaloids are coniine—the toxic principle of Conium maculatum, pinidine—from several Pinus species, and the naphthy-lisoquinoline alkaloids (e.g., ancistrocladine)—showing antimalarial and anti-HIV activity. The latter alkaloids are apparently derived from the oxidative coupling of two pentaketide units. Huperzine A, currently in clinical trials for the treatment of Alzheimer s disease and isolated from the club moss (Serrata huperzia), is derived from a polyacetate precursor (Fig. 46). 

Colophony, a natural unmodified gum resin from Pinus species (terebinth), used in cosmetics such as mascara, lipsticks, creams, and hair removal products, is a known contact allergen. Modifications have been made to colo-phonium, resulting in a variety of ester gums. 

Studies on Pinus species have shown that the nature and amount of extractives depend upon the percentage of heartwood present and thus on tree age. In Piims radiata, heartwood starts forming once the trees are about 12 to 15 years old. Heartwood extractives occur in greatest amount in inner growth rings near the pith (Uprichard, 1971 Lloyd, 1978) especially in the butt log of mature trees (Table 2.5). The high level of resin in the inner zone appears due to a process of enrichment with sapwood extractives via the transverse resin canals (Harris, 1965). Resin acids predominate in heartwood and comprise from 70-80% of total extractives, however in sapwood there are approximately equal amounts of resin acids and fatty acids (Table 2.6). An important feature of the resin constituents of pines is that a mixture of resin acids in turpentine occur in the resin canals, and the fatty acid esters and unsaponifiable materials occur in the ray parenchyma resin. In some processes, for example refiner mechanical pulping some separation of these chemical components can occur. 

CH3(CH2)10CHO, C12H240, Mt 184.32, hpU3 k,a 185 °C, df 0.8352, rag°1.4350, is a colorless liquid with a waxy odor in high dilution it is reminiscent of violets. Dodecanal occurs in several citrus oils and has been found in small amounts in essential oils obtained from several Pinus species. It is used in perfumery in conifer fragrances with fatty-waxy notes, but also in many other odor types. It is added to aroma compositions to obtain citrus notes. 

Erdtman, Ann. 539, 116 (1939) from other Pinus species G. Lindstedt, Acta Chem. Scand. 3, 755-772 (1949) J. C. Alvarez -Novoa et of., ibid. 4, 444 (1950) from Alnus siebotdtana, Betulaceae Y, Asakawa, Bull. Chem. Soc- Japan 44, 2761 (1971) from Polygonum nodosum, Polygonaceae M. Kuro-yanagi el aL. Chem. Pharm. Bull 30, 1602 (1982). Synthesis of pinosylvjn E. Spath, F. Liebherr. Ber 74, 869 (1941) of monomethyl ether E. Spath, K. Kromp, ibid. 1424 of... 

The C. are widely distributed in nature. They occur, among others, in essential oils of Pinus species, tobacco, and in various resins. C. A acts as a termite pheromone. From the cloaca gland of the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis, males), Cembrene A and the ketone (X) have been isolated, which act as pheromones on females. ... 

Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone). Formula, see fla-vones, C15H10O4, Mr 254.24, pale yellow crystals, mp. 285-286 °C, insoluble in water, soluble in alkalis and ethanol used as complexation reagent for Cu. C. occurs together with its 7-methyl ether in poplar buds (Populus nigra, Salicaceae), in the heartwood of various Pinus species (Pinaceae) and the sweet cherry (Prunus avium, Rosaceae). 

Branco M (2006). Characterization of the volatile fraction emitted by phloems of four pinus species by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, Vol.1105, No.1-2, (February 2006), pp. 191-198, ISSN 0021-9673... 

Pinus (Masters, 1890) Several Pinus species and hybrids, including P. r/g/cfa, P. thunbergii, P. laricio, P. montana, P. johannis (Masters, 1890 Fisher, 1905 Steil, 1918 Righter, 1932 Mergen, 1963 Flores-Renteria, 2010)... 

Shao LP, Gafvert E, Nilsson U, et al. (1995) 15-Hydroperoxy dehydroabietic acid - a contact allergen in colophony from pinus species. Phytochemistry 38 853-857 Soderberg T, Elmros T, Gref R, et al. (1990) Inhibitory effect of zinc oxide on contact allergy due to colophony. Contact Dermatitis 23 346-351... 

The constitutional isomers a and p-pinene are both major constituents of pine resins and found in many essential oils, for example, Pinus species, Piper nigrum and Juniperus communis. Interestingly, a-pinene is more common in European pines, whereas P pinene is more common in North America (Bornscheuer et al., 2014 O Neil, 2006). As shown in Figure 9.22, metabolism of a- and p-pinene in humans leads to the formation of trans- and cis-verbenol and myrtenol,... 

Numerous components are offered on the market like citral from Litsea cubeba oil, geraniol from palmarosa oil, linalool from ho oil, coriander oil or lavandin, pinenes from different Pinus species, citronellal from Corymbia citriodora, cedrol from cedarwood, or even the santalols from different sandalwood species. All these are added to nish essential oils. As already mentioned before, synthetic chemicals can no more be applied as enantiomeric separation is a state of the art today and will convict the matter of fact of adulteration. By using synthesized, correct chiral compounds, the detection is hardly to be recognized but with NMR method, but this is an expensive analysis. 

Roberts DR, Brooker PWJ, Harrington TA, Broomfield J, Crews ER (1974) Method of chemically inducing lightwood formation in pine trees. US Patent 3,839,823 Soulard PMA (1975) Activating composition for the tapping of trees. US Patent 3,858,354 Drew J (1976) Process for producing Naval Stores. US Patent 3,991,515 Wolter KE, Peters WJ, Roberts DR et al (1980) Process for increasing oleoresin synthesis in Pinus species. US Patent 4, 203, 253... 

Kurose K, Okamura D, Yatagai M (2007) Composition of the essential oils from the leaves of nine Pinus species and the cones of three of Pinus species. Flavour Fragr J 22(l) 10-20. doi 10.1002/Ffj.l609... 

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