Turpentine Artificial

Besides these genuine, natural turpentines, artificial products (Turpentine substitutes, Artificial turpentines) are also sold, these having as their basis, colophony, resin oils, fatty oils, oil of turpentine, pine oil, or resin spirit. Such products have the external appearance of ordinary or larch turpentine, but their odour never possesses the peculiar balsam-like quality characteristic of the latter. 

By oxidation with permanganate it forms pinonic acid, C,oH,<503, a monobasic acid derived from cyclobutane. With strong sulphuric acid it forms a mixture of limonene, dipentene, terpinolene, terpinene, camphene and p-cymene. Hydrogen chloride reacts with turpentine oil to give CioHijCl, bomyl chloride, artificial camphor . 

Camphor, Cj HjgO, occurs in the wood of the camphor tree Laurus camphora) as dextro-camphor. This is the ordinary camphor of commerce, known as Japan camphor, whilst the less common laevo-camphor is found in the oil of Matricaria parthenium. Camphor can also be obtained by the oxidation of borneol or isoborneol with nitric acid. Camphor may be prepared from turpentine in numerous ways, and there are many patents existing for its artificial preparation. Artificial camphor, however, does not appear to be able to compete commercially with the natural product. Amongst the methods may be enumerated the following —... 

Turpentine is usually analysed with a view to the determination of its commercial value with reference to its purity or its yield of oil, or to estba-lish the quality, or to ascertain if it is an artificial product. 

Distinction of Artificial from Natural Turpentine.—As already mentioned, artificial turpentines are prepared from colophony (usually 60-70%), resin oil, sometimes fatty oil (castor), and oil of turpentine (5-10%), pine oil or resin spirit (pinolin), and have an odour distinctly different from that of the natural products. 

To ascertain if a turpentine is artificial, the products of distillation up to 2500 or of steam distillation (see paragraph 3) are determined and then examined as described later for oil of turpentine the acid and saponification numbers are determined (for the limits, see below), and the following tests also made ... 

In general the acid number varies between 64 and 165 and the saponification number between 87 and x 80 the ester number depends, of course, on the difference between these two. With ordinary or pine turpentine, the acid number mostly lies within the limits 100-165 (usually about 120) and the saponification number within the limits 108-180 (usually about 120), the ester number being low. With larch turpentine and the like (fine turpentines), the acid number lies innstly within the limits 64-10x (usually about 85) and the saponification number within the limits 87-179 (usually about 14O). Artificial turpentines haw die acid number about 10 5-120 and a slightly higher saponification number, exiept when fats are present. 

BOTHRACHIUM — The Ash of Sardaigre, called by the botanists Apium Risus. Bozix — Turpentine, or the Balsam which is artificially extracted therefrom. 

Synthesis of Camphor.— The relationship of camphor to pinene, the terpene present in turpentine, is of especial interest and importance in connection with its synthesis. Pinene is the unsaturated di-cyclic terpene related to the saturated di-cyclic terpene pinane (p. 823). In both of these terpenes the di-cyclic arrangement is different from that in camphane and Bornylene in that the isopropyl group in forming the secondary cycle joins the meta carbons instead of the para. Now pinene, by addition of hydrogen chloride, forms a hydrochloride which has been referred to as artificial camphor. This hydrochloride is identical with the hydrochloric acid ester of Bomeol and may be converted into Bomeol by hydrolysis. Now as Bomeol can be oxidized to camphor we may thus obtain true synthetic camphor from pinene. The reactions, involving an intermediate product and then rearrangement of the secondary cycle in pinene, are as follows ... 

Esters from unsaturated fatty acid chlorides are usually viscous or limpid oils soluble in hydrocarbons and turpentine, and whose primary applications are as varnishes, films, artificial threads, aqueous emulsions, and rubber-like plastics.2067,2068 Heating them in an inert gas produced insoluble products formed by polymerization involving double bonds in the acyl moieites.2069 As mentioned in the section on nitrates, acetates of amylose are less compact than amylopectin acetate.1468 Esters of unsaturated acids have also been proposed as re-moistenable adhesives.1971 1972... 

Turpentine Goggles or face shield, rubber gloves. Move victim to fresh air and if necessary apply artificial respiration and/or administer oxygen. Call physician immediately. Wipe off and wash with soap and water. Rush with water for at least 15 minutes. 

Pinene forms with one molecule of dry hydrogen chloride, an addition-product, which is called artificial camphor (m.p. 125°) on account of the fact that it resembles camphor in appearance and odor. When this compound is heated with alcoholic potash or with a mixture of anhydrous sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid, hydrogen chloride is eliminated and camphene, an isomer of pinene, is formed. Camphene, the structure of which is not known, melts at 50° it is converted into camphor CioHieO (649) when oxidized with chromic acid. d-Camphene is found in ginger Z-camphene, in turpentine and in citronella and other essential oils. 

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