Production results

If acetaldehyde is warmed with a concentrated solution of an alkali hydroxide, it is converted into a resinous product resulting from repeated aldol condensations between aldol, crotonaldehyde and acetaldehyde. 

If the medium is sufficiently basic to generate the arabident anion 31. mixtures of products resulting from N-nng and N-exocyclic reactivity are observed. Here again steric effects can preferentially orient the whole reaction toward one of the two nitrogens. A general study clearly delineating the rules of behavior for 31 accordine to the nature of R. the... 

Zugravescu reports the isolation of ring nitrogen substitution products (195) (Scheme 124) (325). and it is not clear whether direct electrophilic substitution in the 5-position is the general case or if the finally observed product results from rearrangement. 

Thiazolotriazepines (290) are prepared by reaction in cold pyridine of the product resulting from nucleophilic attack of I-hydrazinothiazole on... 

The percentage of cyclohexylation is given in Fig. 1-20. (411,412). Hydrogen abstraction from the alkyl side-chain produces, in addition, secondary products resulting from the dimerization of thiazolylalkyl radicals or from their reaction with cyclohexyl radicals (Scheme 68) (411). 

A similar observation was made more recently in the case of 4-substituted 2-methylthiazoles by A. I. Meyers (442-444), who could identify the product resulting from a temperature increase from -78°C to room temperature of the lithio salt of 2,4-dimethylthiazole (161). 

When a reactant is chiral but optically inactive because it is racemic any products derived from its reactions with optically inactive reagents will be optically inactive For example 2 butanol is chiral and may be converted with hydrogen bromide to 2 bromo butane which is also chiral If racemic 2 butanol is used each enantiomer will react at the same rate with the achiral reagent Whatever happens to (/ ) (—) 2 butanol is mir rored m a corresponding reaction of (5) (+) 2 butanol and a racemic optically inactive product results... 

In the presence of strong oxidizing agents at elevated temperatures oxidation of tertiary alcohols leads to cleavage of the various carbon-carbon bonds at the hydroxyl bearing carbon atom and a complex mixture of products results... 

Figure 22 5 shows what happens when a typical primary alkylamine reacts with nitrous acid Because nitrogen free products result from the formation and decomposition of diazonium ions these reactions are often referred to as deamination reactions Alkyl... 

An additional problem is encountered when the isolated solid is non-stoichiometric. For example, precipitating Mn + as Mn(OH)2, followed by heating to produce the oxide, frequently produces a solid with a stoichiometry of MnO ) where x varies between 1 and 2. In this case the nonstoichiometric product results from the formation of a mixture of several oxides that differ in the oxidation state of manganese. Other nonstoichiometric compounds form as a result of lattice defects in the crystal structure. ... 

The presence of the unsaturated substituent along this polyester backbone gives this polymer crosslinking possibilities through a secondary reaction of the double bond. These polymers are used in paints, varnishes, and lacquers, where the ultimate cross-linked product results from the oxidation of the double bond as the coating cures. A cross-linked polyester could also result from reaction (5.J) without the unsaturated carboxylic acid, but the latter would produce a gel in which the entire reaction mass solidified and is not as well suited to coatings applications as the polymer that crosslinks upon drying. ... 

Since the six carbons shown above have 10 additional bonds, the variety of substituents they carry or the structures they can be a part of is quite varied, making the Diels-Alder reaction a powerful synthetic tool in organic chemistry. A moment s reflection will convince us that a molecule like structure [XVI] is monofunctional from the point of view of the Diels-Alder condensation. If the Diels-Alder reaction is to be used for the preparation of polymers, the reactants must be bis-dienes and bis-dienophiles. If the diene, the dienophile, or both are part of a ring system to begin with, a polycyclic product results. One of the first high molecular weight polymers prepared by this synthetic route was the product resulting from the reaction of 2-vinyl butadiene [XIX] and benzoquinone [XX] ... 

One kilogram of phenol production results ia about 0.6 kg of acetone or about 0.40—0.45 kg of acetone per kilogram of cumene used. 

Aerosols are unique. The various components are all part of the product, and in the aerosol industry, the formulating chemist must be familiar with the entire package assembly and each of its components. AH aerosols consist of product concentrate, propeUant, container, and valve (including an actuator and dip tube). There are many variations of these components, and only when each component is properly selected and assembled does a suitable aerosol product result. A typical aerosol system is shown in Figure 1. 

The name aldol was introduced by Wurt2 in 1872 to describe the product resulting from this acid-cataly2ed reaction of acetaldehyde. The addition will occur with base catalysis as well. 

Between 50 and 60% of the formaldehyde is formed by the exothermic reaction (eq. 23) and the remainder by endothermic reaction (eq. 24) with the net result of a reaction exotherm. Carbon monoxide and dioxide, methyl formate, and formic acid are by-products. In addition, there are also physical losses, hquid-phase reactions, and small quantities of methanol in the product, resulting in an overall plant yield of 86—90% (based on methanol). 

Polymer-type antioxidants have been prepared by Eriedel-Crafts reaction of -cresol andp- and/or y -chloromethylstyrene in the presence of boron trifluoride-etherate (198). The oligomeric product resulting from the alkylation of phenyl-a-naphthylamine using C12—15 propylene oligomer in the presence of AlCl or activated white clays is used as an antioxidant additive for lubricating oils (199). 

Thermal Cracking. In addition to the gases obtained by distillation of cmde petroleum, further highly volatile products result from the subsequent processing of naphtha and middle distillate to produce gasoline, as well as from hydrodesulfurization processes involving treatment of naphthas, distillates, and residual fuels (5,61), and from the coking or similar thermal treatment of vacuum gas oils and residual fuel oils (5). 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons. These are the most toxic of the hydrocarbons and inhalation of the vapor can cause acute intoxication. Benzene is particularly toxic and long-term exposure can cause anemia and leukopenia, even with concentrations too low for detection by odor or simple instmments. The currendy acceptable average vapor concentration for benzene is no more than 1 ppm. PolycycHc aromatics are not sufftcientiy volatile to present a threat by inhalation (except from pyrolysis of tobacco), but it is known that certain industrial products, such as coal tar, are rich in polycycHc aromatics and continued exposure of human skin to these products results in cancer. 

Subsequent chlorination of the amide takes place ia a two-phase reaction mixture (a dispersion of diamide ia hydrochloric acid) through which a chlorine stream is passed. The temperature of this step must be maintained below 10°C to retard the formation of the product resulting from the Hofmann degradation of amides. Reaction of the A/,A/-dichloroamide with diethylamine [109-89-7] ia the presence of base yields /n j -l,4-cyclohexane-bis-l,3-diethylurea (35), which is transformed to the urea hydrochloride and pyroly2ed to yield the diisocyanate (36). 

After polymeri2ation is carried out by blending mono- and difunctional chlorosilanes ia excess water, the siloxanes are separated from the water and neutraH2ed. Ratio of the mono-chain stopper to di-chain extender controls the length of the polymer. Once an equiHbrium mixture of chain lengths is catalyticaHy formed, volatile light ends are removed and the desired product results. 

The preparation of mercuric chloride is identical to the chamber method for mercurous chloride, except that an excess of chlorine is used to ensure complete reaction to the higher oxidation state. Very pure product results from this method. Excess chlorine is absorbed by sodium hydroxide in a tower. 

By-Products From Milk. Milk is a source for numerous by-products resulting from the separation or alteration of the components. These components may be used in other so-called nondairy manufactured foods, dietary foods, pharmaceuticals (qv), and as a feedstock for numerous industries, such as casein for glue. 

The higher price of the petroleum product results from its higher quaUty, ie, higher purity, lower sulfur content, etc. The price of cmde coal-tar naphthalene is primarily associated with that of o-xylene, its chief competitor as phthaUc anhydride feedstock. 

The products resulting from such reactions should, therefore, have analogous names. If KBO2 is a borate, KBS2 is a thioborate and KBF is a fluoroborate. Similarly, the replacement of an oxygen atom by a sulfur atom or two fluorine atoms is understandable. However, the relationship of K2BN2 is less obvious, until one considers the dehydration and deammoniation schemes ... 

Translating odor modifiers into consumer products results in forms, such as soHds, Hquids, and aerosols, for a market defined as products "for the nose." This includes products that cover up or eliminate odors, perfume the home, or cleanse the air. Such products thus defined were reported to have sales in 1992 of just under 2 biUion. The categories of this market can be broken out as traditional air fresheners, cat Utter products, aroma care, air purification, and disinfectant in both consumer and industrial appUcations. 

Free-Radical Addition. A different outcome is expected in free-radical addition. The reaction of an a-olefin with a typical free radical affords the most stable intermediate free radical. This species, in turn, reacts further to form the final product, resulting in the anti-Markownikov mode of addition. 

The wide range of types of paper products results in a variety of sludges. SoHd wastes result from several sources within the mill, eg, bark, sawdust, dirt, knots, pulpwood rejects, flyash, cinders, slag, and sludges. Sludges often are disposed of in combination with residuals from other sources. Approximately 300 kg of soHd waste per ton of finished product is generated by the pulp and paper industry. 

Methylenebis(2,6-di-/ /f-butylphenol) (25) (R = H) [118-82-17, the reaction product of two molecules of 2,6-DTBP with formaldehyde under basic conditions, is a bisphenoHc antioxidant. The quinone methide in this case is generated in situ. The product results from the addition of 2,6-di-/ /f-butylphenolate to (23) (12). 

Gumylphenol. -Cumylphenol (PGP) or 4-(1-methyl-l-phenylethyl)phenol is produced by the alkylation of phenol with a-methylstyrene under acid catalysis. a-Methylstyrene is a by-product from the production of phenol via the cumene oxidation process. The principal by-products from the production of 4-cumylphenol result from the dimerization and intramolecular alkylation of a-methylstyrene to yield substituted indanes. 4-Cumylphenol [599-64-4] is purified by either fractional distillation or crystallization from a suitable solvent. Purification by crystallization results in the easy separation of the substituted indanes from the product and yields a soHd material which is packaged in plastic or paper bags (20 kg net weight). Purification of 4-cumylphenol by fractional distillation yields a product which is almost totally free of any dicumylphenol. The molten product resulting from purification by distillation can be flaked to yield a soHd form however, the soHd form of 4-cumylphenol sinters severely over time. PGP is best stored and transported as a molten material. 

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