Pine tree

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond A carbon-carbon double bond is both an important structural unit and an important func tional group m organic chemistry The shape of an organic molecule is influenced by the presence of this bond and the double bond is the site of most of the chemical reactions that alkenes undergo Some representative alkenes include isobutylene (an industrial chemical) a pmene (a fragrant liquid obtained from pine trees) md fame sene (a naturally occurring alkene with three double bonds)... 

Rosin and associated products obtained from pine trees have been used for hundreds of years to caulk the bottoms of wooden sailing vessels and to lubricate the lines. These materials are known as naval stores because of this practice. 

Production. Rosin is isolated from pine trees, principally from longleaf Pinuspalustris slash Pinus ellioti and lobloUy pine Pinus taeda. The products are known as gum, wood, or tall oil rosin, based on the method of isolation and the source. 

In the gum rosin process, pine trees are wounded to stimulate the flow of gum. V-shaped slashes are cut through the bark, and the exudate is collected in a bucket below the slash. Production is stimulated by painting sulfuric acid on the slashes. The oleoresin (exudate) is separated by distillation into gum spidts of turpentine and gum rosin. The gum turpentine industry has decreased in importance in the 1990s because it is labor-intensive. The process is carried out in Russia, the People s Repubflc of China, Indonesia, Portugal, Brazil, and Mexico. 

CTO prices are closely tied to the cycles of the U.S. economy and the paper industry. They vary between 120 and 220 per metric ton. In 1995 they were close to 200/t (4). With 50% of pine wood being converted to linerboard valued at 400— 600 per ton, pulp manufacturers do not focus on optimum black Hquor soap recovery, which only amounts of 60—70 kg/1 of southern pine pulp. This soap is converted to 30—35 kg of CTO, worth 6— 7 or less than a Htde over 1% of the pulp value (5). This recovery is only 45% of the CTO available in the pine tree. With more care and higher CTO prices, 10—15 kg of additional CTO could be obtained per ton of pulp (6). 

The majority of the turpentine comes from the southeastern United States, which consists of 60—70% a-pinene, 20—25% P-pinene, and 6—12% other components. Because there is variation in components from different species of the pine tree as well as variation from the many paper pulp mills, there is obviously variation in the analysis of sulfate turpentines. Some of the other components consist of -menthadienes, alcohols, ethers such as anethole [104-46-1] and methylchavicol [104-67-0] and the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, P-caryophyUene [87-44-5]. 

Turpentine from the western United States is different from that of the southern states in that it contains 3-carene ranging from 12—43%, depending on the species of pine tree. Indian turpentine also contains about 60% 3-carene and about 15% of the sesquiterpene longifolene. Turpentine from Sweden, Finland, CIS, and Austria all contain 3-carene however, a- and P-pinene are commercially the most important components of the turpentines. 

One method of synthesis of taxol analogues starts with a-pinene (8), the readily available and inexpensive monoterpene derived from the processing of turpentine from the pine tree (200). The a-pinene is oxidized to verbenone, which is then alkylated and converted to taxol analogues in a multistep process. 

The other class of acrylic compatible tackifiers includes those based on ter-penes. Terpenes are monomers obtained by wood extraction or directly from pine tree sap. To make the polyterpene tackifiers, the monomers have to be polymerized under cationic conditions, typically with Lewis acid catalysis. To adjust properties such as solubility parameter and softening point, other materials such as styrene, phenol, limonene (derived from citrus peels), and others may be copolymerized with the terpenes. 

I.4. Polyterpene resins. Terpene resins are obtained from natural terpene monomers obtained from naval stores, paper pulp production, and citrus juice production. Terpenes are found in almost all living plants, and the turpentine oil from pine trees is the most important source. 

Gum turpentine is obtained from wounding living trees to get an exudate containing turpentine and rosin. Turpentine is separated from the rosin by continuous steam distillation and further fractionation. Wood turpentine comes from the extraction of stumps of pine trees using naphtha, and subsequent separation of rosin and turpentine by fractional distillation. Tail-oil turpentine is a byproduct of the Kraft sulphate paper manufacture. Terpenes are isolated from the sulphate terpentine and separated from the black digestion liquor. The composition of turpentine oils depends on its source, although a-pinene and p-pinene are the major components. 

Closely related to films are paints. Previously linseed oil, thinned with turpentine, fornted the film into which were imbedded pigments. Turpentine, from pine trees, is still used, but competes with a petroleum distillate (less smelly). Water-based latex paints are a water emulsion of an organic paint that is thinned with water. 

Kien, m. resinoiis pine, -apfel, m. pine cone, -baum, m. pine tree, -harz, m. pine resin, rosin, -holz, n. (resinous) pine wood, pine, -holzol, n. pine wood oil. 

Tannenbaum, m. fir tree pine tree, tannenbaumartig, a. arborescent, dendritic. Tannen-baumkristall, m. arborescent crystal, dendrite, -harz, n. fir resin, -harzsaure, /, fir-resin acid, specif, abietic acid, -holzstoff, m. fir (wood) pulp, -nadelol, n. fir-needle oil (loosely) pine-needle oil. -zapfen, m. fir cone, -zapfenol, n. fir-cone oil (loosely) pine-cone oil. 

Although the different enantiomers of a chiral molecule have the same physical properties, they usually have different biological properties. For example, the (+) enantiomer of limonene has the odor of oranges, but the (-) enantiomer has the odor of pine trees. 

Leavitt, S.W. and Long, A 1992 Altitudinal differences in 5 C of bristlecone pine tree rings. Naturwissenschaften 79 178-180. 

Phloem is a common term used to describe the inner layer of the pine tree. As already mentioned phloem powder was used to compensate for the shortage of flour in bread-making during times of famine in Finland and other Nordic... 

Figure 3.15. SMALDI image of a pine tree root, acquired at 262 nm wavelength. High ion intensities of potassium/calcium are coded in white, low intensities are coded in black. (Spengler and Hubert 2002.)...

Eberly, John. Some notes on Jupiter, Cedar, and Pine Trees and the Circulatum Minus. fhttp //www.triad- publishing.com/stone27a.htmll. 

In 1965 Seshardri et al. described the isolation of an unknown terpenoid acid B obtained from the lichens of Lobaria retigera in the western Himalayas [8]. (Note that this annotation bears no relation to the subsequent nomenclature later defined by Corey and Shibata.) Four collections had been made in the summer of 1962 from under the Rutba plants in the Valley of Flowers (12,500 feet) and on the way to Hemkund Lokpal (13,500 feet) and from underneath rocks and from pine trees in Ganghariya (10,000 feet). The samples were subjected to a series of increasingly polar extractions (petroleum ether, diethyl ether, acetone). The unknown terpenoid acid B was present in all petroleum ether extracts, except that of the sample obtained from the Valley of Flowers, in compositions ranging from 0.47 % to... 

The method allowed the authors to characterise a pine pitch (viscous tar derived from the distillation of wood of pine trees). The main constituents detected by headspace SPME result from the pyrolysis of the lignin, guaiacol (11) and its p-w-alkyl derivatives [methyl... 

Many types, such as pine tar, are distillates from pine tree farming in Scandinavia. Pine tar is a dark viscous liquid used at about 3-7 phr dosage level. It does not affect hardness levels to the same extent as the equal amount of petroleum oil. From the nature of its sources it can vary in acidity and thus has tended to be replaced by cheaper more predictable alternatives which are available from the residues of petroleum distillation. Tack improvement of rubber compounds is derived from the presence of colophony resin derivatives. 

Professor, Division of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology Wayne State University 4455 Pine Tree Trail Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 48302... 

Cowpea, Vigna sp. Total water soluble As in soils at 6.8 kg/ha. Significant effect, including 75% defoliation of oaks and death of all pine trees, at 34 kg/ha Decreased yields at 1 mg/L 1... 

The first STS structure solved was that of a pinosylvin-forming STS from Pinus sylvestris. Pine trees can by-pass the C4H reaction and directly produce the CoA thioester of cinnamate that allows this STS to utilize a non-substituted cinnamoyl-CoA starter in vz vo.11 However, when presented in vitro with p-coumaroyl-CoA, the enzyme proves to be comparable in activity to STS enzymes from organisms that utilize the para-substituted cinnamoyl starter. 

The two pinenes are obtained from Crude Sulfate Turpentine (CST), which is a side product of the sulfate cellulose process from pine trees. Limonene is present in orange and lemon peels [which provide different enantiomers/ )], and is a cheap by-product of the citrus industry. 

It was Witt s criticism of the method of collecting turpentine from pine trees in the American South that stimulate Herty s interest in this subject. Upon returning to the United States in 1901, he turned his attention to this problem, and he soon developed his cup and gutter system, which replaced the old "boxing" method. Herty resigned his university post and worked with the United States Bureau of Forestry (1902-1904) and later the Chattanooga Pottery Company (1904-1905) in following up on his invention, which made him financially secure. 

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