Pine, ponderosa

Fig. 8-3. Relationship between Los Angeles Basin s urban sources of photochemical smog and the San Bernardino Mountains, where ozone damage has occurred to the ponderosa pines. The solid lines are the average daily 1-hr maximum dose of ozone (ppm), )uly-September 1975-1977. Source Adapted from Davidson, A., Ozone trends in the south coast air basin of California, in "Ozone/Oxidants Interaction with the Total Environment.". A ir Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, 1979, pp. 433-450.

The influence of moisture is fundamental, as it is with other forms of corrosion. Long-term contact tests with ponderosa pine, some treated with zinc chloride, in atmospheres at 30, 65 and 95% r.h. showed that at 30 and 65% r.h. plain wire nails were not very severely corroded even in zinc chloride-impregnated wood. At 95% r.h. plain wire nails were severely corroded, though galvanised nails were attacked only by impregnated wood. Brass and aluminium were also attacked to some extent at 95% r.h. Some concurrent outdoor tests at Madison, Wisconsin, showed that the outdoor climate there was somewhat more severe than a 65% r.h. laboratory test. 

Axelton, E. A. 1967. Ponderosa pine bibliography through 1965. U. S. Forest Service Res. Paper lNT-40. 

C. P. P. Reid. Assimilation, distribution and root exudation of C by ponderosa pine. seedlings under induced water stress. Plant Phy.siol. 54 44 (1974). 

J. M. Norton and M. K. Firestone, Metabolic status of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere of Ponderosa pine seedlings. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22 449 (1991). 

Glasshouse Elevated CO2 N level Loblolly pine. Ponderosa pine (Pinus pon- 86... 

K. L. Griffin, M. A. Bashkin, R. B. Thomas, and B. R. Strain, Interactive effects of soil nitrogen and atmospheric carbon dioxide on root/rhizo.sphere carbon dioxide efflux from loblolly and ponderosa pine seedlings. Plant Soil 790 11 (1997). 

Lodhi, M.A.K. and Killingbeck, K.T. (1980). Allelopathic inhibition of nitrification and nitrifying bacteria in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dough) community. American Journal of Botany 67 1423-1429. 

Browne, F.L. Brenden, J.J. Heat of Combustion of the Volatile Pyrolysis Products of Fire-retardant-treated Ponderosa Pine. Res. Pap. FPL 19. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Madison, WI, 1964. 

Goldstein etal. (1961) exposed acetylated ponderosa pine for 12 weeks to six basidio-mycete fungi, according to ASTM D1413-56T, with a WPG of 18 % reported to be sufficient to provide decay resistance. Peterson and Thomas (1978) acetylated loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), green ash (Fraxinus americana) and yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipfera), also... 

Gloeophyllum trabeum (Lenzites trabea) (Mad 61 7) Ponderosa pine 17 35 Goldstein eta/. (1961)... 

Sugar maple was reacted with propylene and butylene oxide (Rowell etal., 1982). The modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), fibre stress at proportional limit, and maximum crushing strength all exhibited a reduction, compared to unmodified samples. Nilsson and Rowell (1983) reacted ponderosa pine with butylene oxide and exposed the wood in an unsterile soil decay test. At low WPGs, severe surface decay due to soft rot and tunnelling bacteria was observed. Such attack was reduced at 15 % WPG,... 

Nilsson, T. and Rowell, R.M. (1982). Decay patterns observed in butylene oxide modified ponderosa pine after exposure in unsterile soil. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Doc. No. IRGAVP/3211. 

Toxicoses from pine needles have been reported in field cases, but are rare and have only occurred in pregnant cattle. No toxicity other than abortion in cattle has been demonstrated from ICA or ICA derivatives. However, the abietane-type resin acids in ponderosa pine needles (concentrated in new growth pine tips) have been shown to be toxic, but not abortifacient at high doses, when administered orally to cattle, goats, and hamsters. Pathological evaluations of intoxicated animals includes nephrosis, edema of the CNS, myonecrosis, and gastroenteritis (Stegelmeier et al., 1996). While abietane-type resin acids may contribute to the occasional toxicoses reported in the field, they do not contribute to the abortions. Most cow losses in the field are associated with difficult parturition or post abortion toxemia due to retained fetal membranes. 

Gardner, D.R., Molyneux, R.J., James, F.F., Panter, K.E. and Stegelmeier, B.L. (1994). Ponderosa pine needle-induced abortion in beef cattle Identification of isocupressic acid as the principal active compound, /. Agric. Food Chem., 42, 756-761. 

Bfister, J.A. and Adams, D.C. (1993). Factors influencing consumption of ponderosa pine needles by grazing cattle during winter, J. Range Manage., 46, 394-398. 

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