Artichokes, Jerusalem

In 1933, Schlubach and Knoop32 isolated a di-D-fructose dianhydride from Jerusalem artichoke and tentatively identified it as difructose anhydride I [a-D-Fru/-1,2 2,1 - 3-D-Fn / (5)]. Alliuminoside ( -D-fructofuranose- -D-fructofura-nose 2,6 6,2 -dianhydride) was isolated from tubers of Allium sewertzowi by Strepkov33 in 1958. Uchiyama34 has demonstrated the enzymic formation of a-D-Fru/-1,2 2,3 -(3-D-Fru/ [di-D-fructose anhydride III (6)] from inulin by a homogenate of the roots of Lycoris radiata Herbert. 

D-Fructose Fruit juices. Honey. Hydrolysis of cane sugar and of inulin (from the Jerusalem artichoke). Can be changed to glucose in the liver and so used in the body. Hereditary fructose intolerance leads to fructose accumulation and hypoglycemia. 

Carrots, sugar beet, fodder beet, beetroot, chicory roots, horseradish, Jerusalem artichoke, parsley roots, swedes... 

Fractionation of Allelochemicals from Oilseed Sunflowers and Jerusalem Artichokes... 

The phenolic and related components present in stems and leaves of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., and Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus L., were extracted sequentially and their activity as phytotoxic agents evaluated. Total acids and neutral compounds were isolated by extraction with methanol, acetone, and water. The free acids and neutral compounds were partitioned into the organic phase, whereas the acids, present as esters and aglycones, were liberated by subsequent alkaline hydrolysis of the aqueous phase. 

The major components have been identified tentatively as phenolic and fatty acids. At this time, seven phenolics have been identified in only four of the fractions. These are shown in Table III. A measure of the magnitude of the confidence level (cc) with a spectrum of standards is given. The first three entries are from the sunflower the last, from the Jerusalem artichoke. In all fractions isolated, both from the sunflower and the Jerusalem artichoke, a homologous series of fatty acids ranging from Cjo to Ci8 have been identified also by GC-MS. Even-chain, Cj6 to Cjs saturated and Cxs mono- and di-unsaturated, predominated. This is not surprising, since fatty acids are major constituents of plant... 

Tables IV and VII give the percentage of the final frond number noted compared to the control for the same fractions as given in Tables I and II. The magnitude of the response in all cases is proportional to that noted on the basis of dried weight of fronds. The difference, where present, may be due to the size of the fronds since the effect of the phytochemical may be to limit frond size but not necessarily the number of fronds. Tables V, VI, and VIII give a description of the visual appearance of the fronds treated. Tables V and VI give the observations after 5 and 7 days, respectively, for the fraction from the sunflower, and Table VIII, for those from Jerusalem artichoke after 7 days.

Relating the effects caused by specific allelochemicals to those caused by an allelopathic plant is complicated because the inhibitory substances released from a plant are often unknown, and generally several different compounds are involved. However, the actions of the weeds studied in our investigations have certain parallels to those found from pCA and FA. The allelopathic nature of Kochi a, Jerusalem artichoke, and cocklebur was established, since both aque-ous extracts and weed residues reduced sorghum growth. The data show a concentration dependency characteristic of allelopathy, and some difference in toxicity among the three weeds was observed with cockle-bur the most toxic. 

TEUTSCH, H.G., HASENFRATZ, M.P., LESOT, A., STOLTZ, C., GARNIER, J.M., JELTSCH, J.M., DURST, F., WERCK-REICHHART, D., Isolation and sequence of a cDNA encoding the Jerusalem artichoke cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, a major plant cytochrome P450 involved in the general phenylpropanoid pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993,90,4102-4106. 

Dideijean, L., Gondet, L., Perkins, R., Lau, S.-M. C., Schaller, H., O Keefe, D. P., and Werck-Reichhart, D., 2002, Engineering herbicide metabolism in tobacco and Arabidopsis with CYP76B1, a c)dochrome P450 enz)nne from Jerusalem artichoke, Plant Physiol. 130 179-189. 

Vegetables in this family range from the compact annual lettuce to the towering stems of Jerusalem artichokes, which can grow to 8 ft (2.5 m) tall. Depending on the crop, the leaves, shoots, flower buds, roots, or stem tubers may be eaten. 

Jerusalem artichokes are simple to grow, producing starchy, edible stem tubers and tall, leafy stems. Some cultivars produce a rather... 

The lettuce family is correctly called the Asteraceae it includes asters, dandelions, and ornamental sunflowers, closely related to Jerusalem artichokes. 

Jerusalem artichoke Heiianthus tuberosus) center) Salsify Tragopogon porrifolius) in flower, far right) Scorzonera Scorzonera hispanica)... 

All prefer well-drained soil. Leafy crops can be fitted into a rotation or put among ornamentals cardoons and globe artichokes, which need space, look good in an ornamental border. The roots can join other root crops in a crop rotation, while Jerusalem artichokes make a good windbreak. Lettuce and endive do well in containers. 

Perennial vegetables such as globe artichokes and rhubarb crop much more quickly if grown from divisions or "offsets" taken from a mature plant (see also Herbaceous Plants, p.J93) rather than seed. Asparagus should not be harvested until plants are in their third year, so one-year-old plants, known as crowns, are usually planted (see above, far right). Jerusalem artichokes are grown from tubers, like potatoes, and seakale from sections of fleshy root known as "thongs."... 

All plant parts of Compositae and Poaceae 50% DM in Jerusalem artichoke... 

The catalyzed telomerization of butadiene has been applied to other polysaccharides such as inulin (22) (Fig. 20) which is a polyfructose extracted from Jerusalem artichokes (tuber) or from chicory (roots). This soluble polymer is easily telomerized under mild conditions and the degree of substimtion is also dependent on the reaction conditions [20] (Fig. 20). 

Because of its relatively high degree of sweetness, fmctose has been the object of commercial production for decades. Eady attempts to isolate fmctose from either hydrolyzed sucrose or hydrolyzed fmctose polymers, eg, inulin (Jerusalem artichoke), did not prove economically competitive against the very low cost for sucrose processed from sugarcane or sugar beets. 

In nature, fmctose (levulose, fruit sugar) is the main sugar in many fruits and vegetables. Honey contains ca 50 wt % fmctose on a dry basis. Sucrose is composed of one unit each of fmctose and dextrose combined to form the disaccharide. Fmctose exists in polymeric form as inulin in plants such as Jerusalem artichokes, chicory, dahlias, and dandelions, and is liberated by treatment with acid or enzyme. 

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