Pine wood

Analysis Pure ceUulos e Pine wood Kentuck y bluegrass Giant brown kelp Feedlo t manur e Urban refuse Primary sewage sludge Reed sedge peat Illinois bituminous coal... 

Arabinan. This highly soluble polymer is found in the extracts of many fmits and seeds, in the boiling water extracts of pine wood (127), in the extracts of marshmallow roots (A/t/jaea officina/is) (128), and aspen (63) and willow (Sa/ix a/ba F) (129) bark. Because arabinan can be isolated from mildly degraded pectin fractions, it is often difficult to determine whether it is a hemiceUulose or a labile fragment of a larger polysaccharide and/or lignin complex. Arabinans have a complex stmcture composed almost entirely of 5-linked a-L-arabinofuranosyl units with similar residues linked to them at C-2 and/or C-3 and is soluble in 70% aqueous methanol solution. 

Turpentine Oil. The world s largest-volume essential oil, turpentine [8006-64-2] is produced ia many parts of the world. Various species of piaes and balsamiferous woods are used, and several different methods are appHed to obtain the oils. Types of turpentines include dry-distiUed wood turpentine from dry distillation of the chopped woods and roots of pines steam-distilled wood turpentine which is steam-distilled from pine wood or from solvent extracts of the wood and sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of the production of sulfate ceUulose. From a perfumery standpoint, steam-distilled wood turpentine is the only important turpentine oil. It is rectified to yield pine oil, yellow or white as well as wood spirits of turpentine. Steam-distilled turpentine oil is a water-white mobile Hquid with a refreshing warm-balsamic odor. American turpentine oil contains 25—35% P-pinene (22) and about 50% a-pinene (44). European and East Indian turpentines are rich in a-pinene (44) withHtfle P-pinene (22), and thus are exceUent raw materials... 

Wood Delignijication. The production of wood pulp (qv) for the paper (qv) industry consists of removing lignin (qv) from wood chips, thus freeing the ceUulose fibers. An aqueous solution containing 30—70 wt % sulfolane efficiently extracts the lignin from aspen. Western hemlock, and Southern pine wood chips. Pulp yields are from 50—75% (43,44). 

CTO prices are closely tied to the cycles of the U.S. economy and the paper industry. They vary between 120 and 220 per metric ton. In 1995 they were close to 200/t (4). With 50% of pine wood being converted to linerboard valued at 400— 600 per ton, pulp manufacturers do not focus on optimum black Hquor soap recovery, which only amounts of 60—70 kg/1 of southern pine pulp. This soap is converted to 30—35 kg of CTO, worth 6— 7 or less than a Htde over 1% of the pulp value (5). This recovery is only 45% of the CTO available in the pine tree. With more care and higher CTO prices, 10—15 kg of additional CTO could be obtained per ton of pulp (6). 

Variations found in CTO composition result primarily from the species of wood pulped and the location and climate where the trees are grown. Pulping process variations further affect CTO composition. The best CTO is produced from pine wood. However, many U.S. mills mix hardwood with pine to reduce fiber costs, or mix hardwood black Hquor with pine black Hquor. This lowers the rosin content. The composition of CTO produced in the southeastern United States and of typical Canadian and Scandinavian CTOs are shown in Table 2. 

Kiefer-, Kiefem-. pine, -harz, n. pine resin, rosin, -holz, n. pine(wood). -nadel,/. pine needle, -nadelol, n. pine-needle oil. -aperre. 

Keywords catalytic pyrolysis, fluidized bed reactor, pine wood, de-oxygenation. 

Pyrolysis of pine wood biomass was conducted at 400°C followed by catalytic deoxygenation at 450°C. The yield of the different product phases was gravimetrically determined. The gas yield was calculated by the difference. The water content of the bio oil was measured by Karl Fischer titration. The yield of the different product phases is given in Table 3, calculated from the pyrolyzed biomass. The non-catalytic experiment was carried out in the same way as the catalytic ones with the exception that the upper catalyst bed was empty. 

Pyrolysis and catalytic de-oxygenation of pine wood biomass was successfully carried out in a dual-fluidized bed reactor. Hybrid catalysts consisting of zeolites Beta and ZSM-5 and bentonite were used. Pure zeolites Beta and ZSM-5 and also pure bentonite were tested as bed materials in the fluidized bed reactor. 

N. Robinson, R.P. Evershed, W.J. Higgs, K. Jerman, Eglinton, G., Proof of a pine wood origin for pitch from Tudor (Mary Rose) and Etruscan shipwrecks application of analytical organic chemistry in archaeology, Analyst, 112, 637 643 (1987). 

A tar obtained by the distillation of pine wood. It is an excellent softener and tack-producing agent in rubber compounding. 

The residue remaining after the distillation of turpentine. Wood rosin is obtained by the extraction of pine wood. Rosin is used in mbber compounding as a tack-producing softener. 

Finally, in order to establish unequivocally the identity of the native and residual lignin of white Scots pine wood, the sound wood was first extracted with ethyl alcohol to remove the native lignin fraction. The extracted wood was then decayed by means of the brown rot fungi,... 

That some of the lignin, undoubtedly, is present in a free state in wood, is concluded from the fact that up to 10% of the total native lignin in the wood can be extracted with ethyl alcohol at room temperature. Further support for the incrustation theory is given by Nord in that an additional 23% of the native lignin in white Scots pine wood... 

Pine wood shavings used as litter, Of 14 cats in contact with litter, 3 died and 8 became ill but recovered,... 

Evershed, R. P., Jerman, K., and Eglinton, G. (1985). Pine wood origin for pitch from the Mary Rose. Nature 314 528-530. 

Kim, Y. S. and Singh, A. P. (1999). Micromorphological characteristics of compression wood degradation in waterlogged archaeological pine wood. Holzforschung 53 381-385. 

Pine-Wood Reaction.—Dip a small piece of pine-wood in concentrated hydrochloric acid and then hold it in the vapour from boiling... 

A splinter of pine wood which has been dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid is coloured red by the vapour from a boiling mixture of pyrrole and water (7rvppos). 

Four different methods (vapour-phase acetylation using acetic anhydride, acetylation using ketene gas, liquid phase acetylation using acetic anhydride/xylene, or neat acetic anhydride) were used to acetylate pine wood chips to a variety of WPGs for the production of MUF-bonded particleboards (Nilsson etal., 1988). Composite boards were exposed to unsterile soil in fungal cellar tests. Boards made from ketene acetylated chips were not found to be resistant to decay at the maximum WPG level achieved (17 %) with a liquid acetic anhydride modification, no decay was recorded at a WPG level of c. 18 % after 12 months exposure, whereas with a vapour-phase treatment at the same WPG, evidence for decay was found. 

The modification of beech and pine wood with formaldehyde and tannin in a combined treatment to improve dimensional stability has been studied (Burmester, 1971a). Reaction of oak heartwood with gaseous formaldehyde did not improve dimensional stabilization, unless the heartwood was activated by pre-steaming (Burmester, 1971b). 

Chow, P., Bao, Z., Youngquist, J.A., Rowell, R.M., Muehl, J.H. and Krzysik, A.M. (1996b). Properties of hardboards made from acetylated aspen and southern pine. Wood and Fiber Science, 28(2), 252-258. 

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