Nonmetal

Nonmetals have properties opposite those of the metals. The nonmetals are brittle, aren t malleable or ductile, and are poor conductors of both heat cmd electricity. They tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions. Some nonmetals are liquids at room temperature. 

The metalloids, or semimetals, have properties that are somewhat of a cross between metcds and nonmetals. They tend to be economically importcmt because of their unique conductivity properties (they only partially conduct electricity), which make them valuable in the semiconductor and computer chip industry. (The term Silicon Valley doesn t refer to a Vcdley covered in sand silicon, one of the metalloids, is used in making computer chips.) 

The periodic table is composed of horizontal rows and vertical columns. Here s how they re named and numbered  

Members of a period don t have very similar properties. Consider the first two members of period 3 sodium (Na) cmd magnesium (Mg). In reactions, they both tend to lose electrons (after all, they are metals), but sodium loses one electron, and magnesium loses two. Chlorine (Cl), down necir the end of the period, tends to gain an electron (it s a nonmetal). 

Families The vertical columns are called groups, or families. The families may be labeled at the top of the columns in one of two ways. The older method uses roman numerals and letters. Many chemists (especially academic ones like me) prefer and still use this method, so that s what I use in describing the features of the table. The newer method simply uses the numbers 1 through 18. 

In this section we will discuss the complexes of Be, B, C, Si, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, and S the complexes of H+, mentioned in Section III, A, have frequently been used as large cationic species but will not be further discussed here. 

The complexes of bipyridyl and phenanthroline with nonmetals may be considered to arise through the formation of adducts between Lewis acids and bases the formation of complexes of the negatively charged 

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Flensel F and Franok E U 1968 Metal-nonmetal transition in dense meroury vapor Rev. Mod. Phys. 40 697... 

Binary Compounds between Nonmetals. For binary compounds between nonmetals, that constituent should be placed first which appears earlier in the sequence ... 

Chlorine Ammonia, acetylene, alcohols, alkanes, benzene, butadiene, carbon disulflde, dibutyl phthalate, ethers, fluorine, glycerol, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, sodium carbide, flnely divided metals, metal acetylides and carbides, nitrogen compounds, nonmetals, nonmetal hydrides, phosphorus compounds, polychlorobi-phenyl, silicones, steel, sulfldes, synthetic rubber, turpentine... 

Chlorine dioxide Ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulflde, methane, mercury, nonmetals, phosphine, phosphorus pentachloride... 

Lead dioxide Aluminum carbide, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydroxylamine, ni-troalkanes, nitrogen compounds, nonmetal halides, peroxoformic acid, phosphorus, phosphorus trichloride, potassium, sulfur, sulfur dioxide, sulfides, tungsten, zirconium... 

Nickel Aluminum, aluminum(III) chloride, ethylene, 1,4-dioxan, hydrogen, methanol, nonmetals, oxidants, sulfur compounds... 

Nitric acid, fuming Organic matter, nonmetals, most metals, ammonia, chlorosulfonic acid, chromium trioxide, cyanides, dichromates, hydrazines, hydrides, HCN, HI, hydrogen sulflde, sulfur dioxide, sulfur halides, sulfuric acid, flammable liquids and gases... 

Peroxoformic acid Metals and nonmetals, organic materials... 

The composition of nonmetal residues produced in shredding automobiles is summarized in Table 3. 

M. S. Khan, Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (Metalj Nonmetal Microsystems Physics, Technology, and Applications Proceedings of the Workshop, Polanica Zdroj, Poland, Sept. 11—14, 1995, 2780, 56—59 (1996). 

Ammonium nitrate-based explosives account for about 97% of total U.S. industrial explosive consumption. Coal mining in the United States formed about 65—68% of the demand for explosives in 1991. The remaining uses were quarrying and nonmetal mining, 15% metal mining, 10% constmction, 7% miscellaneous uses, 3—4%. The properties of ammonium nitrate are given in Table 18 (173,239—242). 

Fluorine forms very reactive halogen fluorides. Reaction of CI2 and F2 at elevated temperatures can produce GIF, CIF, or CIF 3 be obtained from the reaction of Br2 and F2. These halogen fluorides react with all nonmetals, except for the noble gases, N2, and O2 (5). Fluorine also forms a class of compounds known as hypofluorites, eg, CF OF (6). Fluorine peroxide [7783-44-0], O2F2, has also been reported (6). 

Antimony tnfluoride is a mild fluorinating reagent. However, it is much mote effective ia the Swarts reactions where its effectiveness as a fluorinating reagent is dramatically iacteased by addition of CI2, Bt2, or SbCl to the reaction mixture (2). Antimony tnfluotide can be used for the replacement of chlorine or bromine ia halocatbons, hydtohalocatbons, and nonmetal and metal haUdes. Typical reactions can be summarized as follows ... 

Compounds containing fluorine and chlorine are also donors to BF3. Aqueous fluoroboric acid and the tetrafluoroborates of metals, nonmetals, and organic radicals represent a large class of compounds in which the fluoride ion is coordinating with trifluoroborane. Representative examples of these compounds are given in Table 5. Coordination compounds of boron trifluoride with the chlorides of sodium, aluminum, iron, copper, 2inc, tin, and lead have been indicated (53) they are probably chlorotrifluoroborates. 

The emissivity, S, is the ratio of the radiant emittance of a body to that of a blackbody at the same temperature. Kirchhoff s law requires that a = e for aH bodies at thermal equHibrium. For a blackbody, a = e = 1. Near room temperature, most clean metals have emissivities below 0.1, and most nonmetals have emissivities above 0.9. This description is of the spectraHy integrated (or total) absorptivity, reflectivity, transmissivity, and emissivity. These terms can also be defined as spectral properties, functions of wavelength or wavenumber, and the relations hold for the spectral properties as weH (71,74—76). 

Impurities in cmde metal can occur as other metals or nonmetals, either dissolved or in some occluded form. Normally, impurities are detrimental, making the metal less useful and less valuable. Sometimes, as in the case of copper, extremely small impurity concentrations, eg, arsenic, can impart a harmful effect on a given physical property, eg, electrical conductivity. On the other hand, impurities may have commercial value. For example, gold, silver, platinum, and palladium, associated with copper, each has value. In the latter situation, the purity of the metal is usually improved by some refining technique, thereby achieving some value-added and by-product credit. 

The essential operations of an extractive metallurgy flow sheet are the decomposition of a metallic compound to yield the metal followed by the physical separation of the reduced metal from the residue. This is usually achieved by a simple reduction or by controlled oxidation of the nonmetal and simultaneous reduction of the metal. This may be accompHshed by the matte smelting and converting processes. 

In a simple pyrometaHurgical reduction, the reduciag agent, R, combines with the nonmetal, X, ia the metallic compound, MX, according to a substitution reaction of the foUowiag type ... 

Friction Materials. Sintered friction materials are classified as metal— nonmetal combinations (49,50). These are best manufactured by the P/M process. Clutch plates, brake bands, brake blocks, and packing compositions are examples of friction materials (see Brake linings and clutch facings). 

Berzehus (19) further appHed and amplified the nomenclature introduced by Guyton de Morveau and Lavoisier. It was he who divided the elements into metalloids (nonmetals) and metals according to their electrochemical character, and the compounds of oxygen with positive elements (metals) into suboxides, oxides, and peroxides. His division of the acids according to degree of oxidation has been Httie altered. He introduced the terms anhydride and amphoteric and designated the chlorides in a manner similar to that used for the oxides. 

Formation of Ozonides. Although the patent compound, HO3, is too unstable to be isolated, metal and nonmetal ozonides have been... 

Phosphoms shows a range of oxidation states from —3 to +5 by virtue of its electronic configuration. Elemental P is oxidized easily by nonmetals such as oxygen, sulfur, and halides to form compounds such as 2 5 2 5 reduced upon reaction with metals to generate phosphides. The... 

Alkoxides of nonmetals are described in articles about the corresponding compounds (see Boron COMPOUNDS, Boron oxides Silicon compounds). Metal alkyls, in which the alkyl group is bound direcdy to the metal, are also discussed elsewhere (see Aluminum compounds). 

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