Nonmetals, and Metalloids

Allotropy is a very common phenomenon shown by metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. In the gaseous or liquid state, allotropes most often differ from one another in molecular formula. Consider, for example, the two allotropes of gaseous oxygen, 02, and ozone, 03. 

A malleable substance (from rhe Latin word for hammer ) is one that can be hammered into thin sheets (Fig. B. 11). A ductile substance (from the Latin word for drawing out ) is one that can be drawn out into wires. Copper, for example, is a metal. It conducts electricity, has a luster when polished, and is malleable. It is so ductile that it is readily drawn out to form electrical wires. Sulfur, on the other hand, is a nonmetal. This brittle yellow solid does not conduct electricity, cannot be hammered into thin sheets, and cannot be drawn out into wires. The distinctions between metals and metalloids and between metalloids and nonmetals are not very precise (and not always made), but the metalloids are often taken to be the seven elements shown in Fig. B.12 on a diagonal band between the metals on the left and the nonmetals on the right. 

This review concerns in the first part the works published during the last three years on the synthesis and reactivity of stabilized ylides C-substituted by electron-withdrawing groups (COR, CO2R, CN, etc.). The second part deals with the works published in the same period on the chemistry of phosphorus ylides mainly C-substituted by heteroatoms of groups 1-16 (metals, metalloids and nonmetal elements Li, Ba, Ca, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Re, Fe, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Au, Zn, Hg, B, Si, Sn, N, P, As, Sb, O, S, Te). 

Krebs, Robert E. The history and use of our earth s chemical elements a reference guide. Westport (CT) Greenwood P, 1998. ix, 346p. ISBN 0-313-30123-9 A short history of chemistry — Atomic structure The periodic table of the chemical elements — Alkali metals and alkali earth metals - Transition elements metals to nonmetals — Metallics and metalloids - Metalloids and nonmetals — Halogens and noble gases - Lanthanide series (rare-earth elements) — Actinide, transuranic, and transactinide series... 

There are a number of ways that we can use the periodic table to classify the elements. One way is to divide all the elements into three groups metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. Look at the periodic table in this book. Notice the... 

Polyfluoroalkyl Derivatives of Metalloids and Nonmetals R. E. Banks and R. N. Haszeldine... 

Nickel and vanadium are the most abundant metals found in crude oil. Other metals, metalloids, and nonmetals including aluminum, arsenic, barium, calcium,... 

So far we have considered only pure, one-component systems. When a solute dissolves in such a system, it produces a solution—a homogeneous mixture of two or more components—which can be solid, liquid, or gas. The solute affects the physical properties of the solvent. Solid solutions of solutes in metalloid and nonmetal solvents, such as silicon doped with a tiny amount of phosphorus as solute, exhibit electrical properties that make them the primary materials of the electronics industry (Section 3.13). When we spread salt on icy sidewalks, we are creating a mixture of salt and water that lowers the freezing point of water. If that temperature is lower than the ambient temperature, the ice melts. Gaseous solutions—which are more commonly regarded simply as mixtures—are used... 

The reactivity of the actinide metals is in line with other electropositive highly reactive metals. In air, the actinides are rapidly covered with an oxide film. For Pu, the film has two distinct layers, Pu02 on the surface and PU2O3 on the subsurface. The relative quantity of each of these layers is dependent on the quantity of oxygen in the atmosphere. The metals also react with metalloids and nonmetals to form a number of solid-state stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric compounds. The following sections detail many of the products from direct interaction of the actinide metals with other elements. 

ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys metalloids and nonmetals carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)... 

ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys metalloids and nonmetals carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides) l.A Metals and Intermetallic Alloys l.AA. Copper-cupalite family TAB. Zinc-brass family l.AC. Indium-tin family l.AD. Mercury-amalgam family l.AE. Iron-chromium family l.AF. Platinum group elements l.AG. PGE-metal alloys... 

Many elements other than those specified in the rules above, including most of the transition metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, can be found with different oxidation numbers in different compounds. For example, the two copper compounds and the two chromium compounds shown in Figure 20-5 a and b, respectively, have different oxidation numbers. 

Compare the atomic structure of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. Explain how atomic structure accounts for differences in electrical conductivity. 

Norman, Nicolas C. Periodicity and the p-Block Elements. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1994. This book describes group properties of post-transition metals, metalloids, and nonmetals. 

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