Miscellaneous Uses

As noted previously, the major use of turpentine at one time was as a solvent, particularly in varnish formulations, and as a thinner for linseed-oil-base paints. Petroleum-based solvents have now replaced turpentine for these purposes. However, turpentine or turpentine fractions are packaged in small containers (up to 1 gallon) for the retail market for home use as paint thinners (including use with artist s oil paints) and as a general-purpose solvent. Turpentine fractionation products may recover some of the historical solvent use by replacing chlorofluoro-carbons in the specialized circuit board cleaning market (1). 

The neutral fraction in rosin is usually a detriment in rosin utilization as most uses are based on the carboxyl group. Thus, rosins of high neutrals content are of lower value. Gum rosin neutrals consist predominately of diterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, and aldehydes plus smaller amounts of the higher-boiling monoterpene and sesquiterpene components of turpentine. The same types of diterpene compounds are also present in tall oil rosin neutrals. However, sitosterol is the predominant neutral in crude tall oil and tall oil pitch. 

Rosins are used little as such but are widely used in chemically modified forms. Most of the modifications involve the carboxyl group or the double bonds and are effected by transformations such as hydrogenation, disproportionation (the process is, to a significant part, a dehydrogenation), esterification, polymerization, salt formation, or reaction with maleic anhydride or formaldehyde. 

Phosphoric acid is used in sugar processing where it is added to raw sugar solutions. Addition of lime precipitates calcium phosphate which carries with it other impurities. 

Amylose starch (Chapter 10.1) can be fabricated in film or tube form for food use, by extruding sodium amylose solutions into a coagulating bath of phosphoric acid [102]. 

Disodium phosphate will prevent mould growth on gelatin films used as food coatings [103]. Cyclic sodium trimetaphosphate can be used to remove an otherwise harmful excess of dietary RNA which is sometimes present in single-cell protein. 

Slightly soluble calcium phosphates can be used to control the availabiUty of Ca in the formation of calcium pectinate or calcium alginate gels. In this way, optimum performance can be obtained in their use in jams, jellies, aqueous desserts, and so on. The beneficial effects from alginates, combined with phosphates, on the properties of ice cream and frozen desserts have been known for some time [104,105]. 

Hypophosphorous acid or its salts can be used to block the formation of carcinogenic nitrosa-mines (from nitrites) in smoked fish or meat products [106]. 

Goettler and co-workers [83] have published the results of a research programme that looked at the reinforcement of blends of 

Wu and Chen [84] blended reclaimed rubber powder from waste tyres with fly ash and a coupling agent (aminopropyl triethoxysilane) and investigated the physical and morphological properties of the resulting blends. In addition to investigating the influence that the amount of fly ash had on these properties, they also evaluated the effect of adding different cure systems (peroxide and sulfur types) and the temperature of cure. The results showed that the fly ash was an excellent filler and could be used as a replacement for silica fillers in reclaimed rubber powder composites of this type. 

Karger-Kocsis, L. Meszaros and T. Barany, Journal of Material Science, 2013, 48, 1, 1. 

A Review of the use of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt Worldwide, Project TYR032-001, WRAP, Banbury, UK. http J/www. wrap.org.uk/ 

Murphy, M. Wei, J. Mead, A. Cialone and M. Grubb in Proceedings of the Annual Technical Conference, Milwaukee, USA, Society of Plastics Engineers, Bethel, CT, USA, 2008, p.598. 

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Adipic acid is a very large volume organic chemical. Worldwide production in 1986 reached 1.6 x 10 t (3.5 x 10 lb) (158) and in 1989 was estimated at more than 1.9 x 10 t (Table 7). It is one of the top fifty (159) chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, with 1989 production estimated at 745,000 t (160). Growth rate in demand in the United States for the period 1988—1993 is estimated at 2.5% per year based on 1987—1989 (160). Table 7 provides individual capacities for U.S. manufacturers. Western European capacity is essentially equivalent to that in the United States at 800,000 t/yr. Demand is highly cycHc (161), reflecting the automotive and housing markets especially. Prices usually foUow the variabiUty in cmde oil prices. Adipic acid for nylon takes about 60% of U.S. cyclohexane production the remainder goes to caprolactam for nylon-6, export, and miscellaneous uses (162). In 1989 about 88% of U.S. adipic acid production was used in nylon-6,6 (77% fiber and 11% resin), 3% in polyurethanes, 2.5% in plasticizers, 2.7% miscellaneous, and 4.5% exported (160). 

Ammonium nitrate-based explosives account for about 97% of total U.S. industrial explosive consumption. Coal mining in the United States formed about 65—68% of the demand for explosives in 1991. The remaining uses were quarrying and nonmetal mining, 15% metal mining, 10% constmction, 7% miscellaneous uses, 3—4%. The properties of ammonium nitrate are given in Table 18 (173,239—242). 

Miscellaneous uses include several organic compounds and intermediates, eg, 1-naphthalenol, 1-naphthylamine [134-32-7] 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, and chlorinated naphthalenes. 

Potassium Oxalate. The monohydrate [6487-48-5] K2C204-H20, mol wt 184.24, is produced as a colodess crystalline material or a white powder. The anhydrous salt [583-52-8] mol wt 166.22, is obtained when the monohydrate is dehydrated at 160°C. The monohydrate is preferred as a reagent in analytical chemistry and in miscellaneous uses principally because of its high solubihty as compared with other simple neutral oxalates the saturated solution, at 0°C, contains about 20 wt %, and at 20°C, about 25 wt %... 

Uses of isopropyl alcohol are chemical, solvent, and medical. Estimated U.S. uses in 1993 were as chemical intermediates, 34% personal care and household products, 24% coatings and ink solvent, 15% processing solvent, 12% pharmaceuticals, 10% and miscellaneous uses, 5% (143). 

Includes acrylic acid, aHyl chloride, ethylene—propylene elastomers, and miscellaneous uses. 

Other Uses. Other uses include intermediate chemical products. Overall, these uses account for 15—20% of sulfur consumption, largely in the form of sulfuric acid but also some elemental sulfur that is used directly, as in mbber vulcanization. Sulfur is also converted to sulfur trioxide and thiosulfate for use in improving the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators and limestone/lime wet flue-gas desulfurization systems at power stations (68). These miscellaneous uses, especially those involving sulfuric acid, are intimately associated with practically all elements of the industrial and chemical complexes worldwide. 

Uses. Most apphcations of MSC are for intermediates in the pharmaceutical, photographic, fiber, dye, and agricultural industries. There also are miscellaneous uses as a stabdizer, catalyst, curing agent, and chlorination agent. 

Vinyl acetate [108-05-4] (VAc), CH2=CHOOCCH2, the ethenyl ester of acetic acid, is primarily use for the manufacture of poly(vinyl acetate) [9003-20-7] (PVAc) and vinyl acetate copolymers. Poly(vinyl acetate) homo- and copolymers are found as components in coatings, paints and sealants, binders (adhesives, nonwovens, constmction products, and carpet-backing), and miscellaneous uses such as chewing gum and tablet coatings. AppHcations have grown over the years in a number of areas (1 4). 

In 1989, 30% of the barium carbonate produced was used in glass manufacturing, 30% in brick and clay products, 20% in the manufacture of barium chemicals, 5% in the manufacture of barium ferrites, 5% in the production of photograpliic papers, and 10% in miscellaneous uses. 

Miscellaneous Uses. Research has demonstrated that fabrics could be treated with vaporous trimethyl borate (70% azeotrope) resulting in textiles (qv) that are smoulder resistant (48). 

In 1989, 4,689,000 metric tons of uncalcined gypsum was sold or used 3,229,000 metric tons for use in Pordand cement and the remainder for agriculture and miscellaneous uses. About 17,778,000 metric tons of calcined material was used to produce 1.9 million square meters of board products. Over one million square meters of this material was regular board and about 560,000 m was Type X board. 

United States consumption of carbon disulfide totaled about 108,000 t in 1990 according to SRI International, with the following distribution by end use appHcation 46,000 tons for rayon 33,000 tons for carbon tetrachloride 12,000 tons for mbber 5,000 tons for cellophane and 12,000 tons for agricultural and miscellaneous uses (129). During 1991 the carbon tetrachloride appHcation disappeared entirely thereby reducing the aimuali2ed carbon disulfide usage to an estimated 75,000 tons. Net exports are around 6,000 tons, and are expected to increase in the future. 

Miscellaneous Uses. A large number of chromium compounds have been sold in small quantities for a variety of uses, some of which ate described in Table 14 (1,236—238). 

Miscellaneous Uses. Inks used by inspectors to stamp the grade or quaUty on meat must, bylaw, be made from food-grade colors. Dyes used in packaging materials that come in direct contact with a food must also be food-grade or, if not, it must be estabUshed that no part of the colorant used migrates into the food product. Pet foods, too, if colored, must contain only those colorants recognized by the FDA as suitable for the purpose. 

Miscellaneous uses for sodium cyanide include heat treating, metal stripping, and compounds used for clearing smut. Treatment of wood chips with sodium cyanide and CaCl2 reportedly increases the kraft cooking yield of pulp (qv) (64). 

Because of the unusual reactivity of the DCPD molecule, there are a number of wide and varying end use areas. The primary uses in the U.S. are DCPD-based unsaturated polyester resins (36%) hydrocarbon type resins, based on DCPD alone or with other reactive olefins (39%) EPDM elastomers via a third monomer ethylidenenorhornene or DCPD (16%) and miscellaneous uses (9%), including polychlorinated pesticides, polyhalogenated flame retardants, and polydicyclopentadiene for reaction injection mol ding (39). 

Uses. Approximately 70% of the U.S. production is used to make poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) [25190-06-1] (PTMEG), also known as poly-THE, which is used in the production of urethane elastomers, polyurethane fibers (ether-based spandex), and copolyester—ether elastomers. PTMEG is also the fastest growing use (see PoLYETPiERS, TETRAHYDROFURAn). The remaining production is used as a solvent for the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride) cements and coating, precision magnetic tape, a reaction solvent in the production of pharmaceuticals, and other miscellaneous uses. 

Flood and Kernel, Chem. Proc. (Sept. 8, 1973)]. Miscellaneous uses include the incineration of sawdust, carbon-black waste, pharmaceutical waste, grease from domestic sewage, spent coffee grounds, and domestic garbage. 

Miscellaneous uses include textile bobbins, guns for hot melt adhesives and bilge pump housings. These materials are normally found in reinforced form. In addition to glass fibres, other fillers such as glass beads, talc and mica are used in conjunction with coupling agents. 

About half of epoxide resin production is used for surface coating applications, with the rest divided approximately equally between electronic applications (particularly for printed circuit boards and encapsulation), the building sector and miscellaneous uses. In tonnage terms consumption of epoxide-fibre laminates is only about one-tenth that of polyester laminates, but in terms of value it is much greater. 

Casein is used for a number of miscellaneous purposes in which foimolisation is not required. These include adhesives, stabilisers for rubber latex, paper finishing agents and miscellaneous uses in the textile industry. Mention may also be made of casein fibres, available in Italy between the two world wars under the name of Lanital. 

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