Nonmetal-halide

Lead dioxide Aluminum carbide, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydroxylamine, ni-troalkanes, nitrogen compounds, nonmetal halides, peroxoformic acid, phosphorus, phosphorus trichloride, potassium, sulfur, sulfur dioxide, sulfides, tungsten, zirconium... 

Nonmetal haUdes are generally hydroly2ed to a hydrogen haUde and to an oxy-acid containing the other element. The first row nonmetal haUdes, eg, CCI4, resist hydrolysis because the nonmetal element cannot expand its octet of electrons to form a bond to water before its bond to the haUde is broken. Hydrolysis requires either an energetic water molecule to strike the haUde or ioni2ation of the covalent nonmetal—halide bond, processes that tend to be quite slow (16). 

A typical reaction of the nonmetal halides is their reaction with water to give oxoacids, without a change in oxidation number ... 

A number of substances react vigorously with water, sometimes with the formation of hydrogen gas, which itself may ignite in the presence of air. Examples or such reactants are alkali metals, finely divided light metals and their hydrides, anhydrous metal oxides, anhydrous metal halides, nonmetal halides, and nonmetal oxides as well as certain organics such as anhydrides... 

The metal halide catalysts include aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, ferric chloride, zinc chloride, stannic chloride, titanium tetrachloride and other halides of the group known as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts. Boron fluoride, a nonmetal halide, has an activity similar to that of aluminum chloride. 

The S j km is responsible for the deep blue color of ihese solutions (Amax = 610 nm). This ion is also responsible for the color of sulfur dissolved in chloride melts (see below) and in the aluminosilicate known as ultramarine (see Chapter 16). Many nonmetal halides behave as acid halides in solvolysis reactions ... 

The concept of hydrolysis may also be extended 10 the closely related phenomenon of the reaction of nonmetal halides with water... 

The important compounds of nitrogen with hydrogen are ammonia, hydrazine, and hy dr azoic acid, the parent of the shock-sensitive azides. Phosphine forms neutral solutions in water reaction of nonmetal halides with water—hydrolysis—produces oxoacids but no change in oxidation number. 

Alkylaluminum derivatives Alkylmagnesium derivatives Alkyl nonmetal halides Complex anhydrides Metal halides (some)... 

Nonmetal halides and their oxides Nonmetal oxides... 

Nonmetal Halides. White and red phosphorus incandesce with boron triiodide. White phosphorus explodes with seleninyl chloride. Red phosphorus incandesces in seleninyl chloride and reacts vigorously on warming with sulfuryl or disulfuryl chlorides and violently with disulfur dibromide.23... 

Nonmetal Halides. Reacts explosively or forms shock-sensitive mixtures with diselenium dichloride and seleninyl chloride,31,32 PC13 vapor or liquid,33 sulfur dichloride or dibromide, and PBr3 and phosgene.32... 

Nonmetal Halides. Vigorous or explosive reactions occur with phosphorus tribromide on addition of drops of water,20 phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride,21 diselenium dichloride,22 sulfur dichloride, boron tribromide, sulfur dibromide,17 seleninyl bromide,23 phosphoryl chloride, sulfinyl fluoride, silicon tetrachloride, and silicon tetrafluoride.24... 

Nonmetal Halides. Violent interaction with diselenium10 or disulfur dichlorides10 and... 

Aside from these three classes (species with unfilled inner subshells, with unpaired electrons, or with two different oxidation states of the same element), there are a number of colored inorganic substances about which generalizations may be set up only with difficulty. Among these are many of the elementary nonmetals, a large number of covalent salts (such as mercuric iodide, cadmium sulfide, silver phosphate and lithium nitride), a number of nonmetal halides (iodine monochloride, selenium tetrachloride, antimony tri-iodide, etc.), and the colored ions, chromate, permanganate, and Ce(H20) v, whose central atoms presumably have rare-gas structures. 

For NF3, AHfc = -109 kJ mol-1. The compound does not hydrolyze in water as do most other nonmetal halides, including NC13 ... 

Explosive reaction with alkenes + diiodomethane, sulfur dioxide. Reacts violently with bromine, water, nitro compounds. Ignites on contact with air, ozone, methanol, or hydrazine. Reacts violently with nonmetal halides (e.g., arsenic trichloride or phosphorus trichloride) to produce pyrophoric triethyl arsine or triethyl phosphine. To fight fire, do not use water, foam, or halogenated extinguishing agents. Use dty materials, such as graphite, sand, etc. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of ZnO. See also ZINC COMPOUNDS. 

The solvent system concept has been used extensively as a method of classifying solvolysis reactions. For example, one can compare the hydrolysis of nonmetal halides with their solvolysis by nonaqueous solvents ... 

Almost all of the reactions that the practicing inorganic chemist observes in the laboratory take place in solution. Although water is the best-known solvent, it is not the only one of importance to the chemist. The organic chemist often uses nonpolar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and benzene to dissolve nonpolar compounds. These are also of interest to the inorganic chemist and, in addition, polar solvents such as liquid ammonia, sulfuric acid, glacial acetic acid, sulfur dioxide, and various nonmetal halides have been studied extensively. The study of solution chemistry is intimately connected with acid-base theory, and the separation of this material into a separate chapter is merely a matter of convenience. For example, nonaqueous solvents are often interpreted in terms of the solvent system concept, the formation of solvates involve acid-base interactions, and even redox reactions may be included within the Usanovich definition of acid-base reactions. 

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