Oxides of metals and nonmetals

The basic metallic oxides react with water to form metal hydroxides  

The reactions between acidic oxides and water are as follows  

The reaction between CO2 and H2O explains why pure water gradually becomes acidic when it is exposed to air, which contains CO2. The pH of rainwater exposed only to unpolluted air is about 5.5. The reaction between SO3 and H2O is largely responsible for acid rain. 

Reactions between acidic oxides and bases and those between basic oxides and acids resemble normal acid-base reactions in that the products are a salt and waten 

Aluminum oxide (AI2O3) is amphoteric. Depending on the reaction conditions, it can behave either as an acidic oxide or as a basic oxide. For example, AI2O3 acts as a base with hydrochloric acid to produce a salt (AICI3) and water  

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Although oxides of metals and nonmetals have been generally considered to give bases and acids, respectively, when they react with water there are other oxides that can behave in both ways. These are the amphoteric oxides, and they include the oxides of zinc and aluminum. For example, ZnO undergoes the following reactions ... 

Lithium hydride is a strong reducing agent and would, therefore, react with compounds that contain oxygen. Even many highly stable oxides of metals and nonmetals can be reduced. It reduces metal oxides to metals and carbon dioxide to carbon ... 

The effect of radiation-source temperature on the low-temperature absorptivity of a number of additional materials is presented in Fig. 5-12. It will be noted that polished aluminum (cui ve 15) and anodized (surface-oxidized) aluminum (cui ve 13), representative of metals and nonmetals respectively, respond oppositely to a change in the temperature of the radiation source. The absorptance of surfaces for solar... 

Oxidation-reduction reactions may affect the mobility of metal ions by changing the oxidation state. The environmental factors of pH and Eh (oxidation-reduction potential) strongly affect all the processes discussed above. For example, the type and number of molecular and ionic species of metals change with a change in pH (see Figures 20.5-20.7). A number of metals and nonmetals (As, Be, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Se, V, Zn) are more mobile under anaerobic conditions than aerobic conditions, all other factors being equal.104 Additionally, the high salinity of deep-well injection zones increases the complexity of the equilibrium chemistry of heavy metals.106... 

The major components of seawater can also affect the rates of ionic reactions of metals and nonmetals in seawater and other natural waters (Millero, 1985, 1989, 2001). The rates of oxidation of metals can be affected by the anions (Cl, OH, SO4, HCO3 ) in aqueous solutions. For example, the formation of the ion pairs... 

It is not difficult identifying the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent in reactions involving atoms of elements and monatomic ions of metals and nonmetals. 

Describe the general properties of metals and nonmetals and understand how trends in metallic behavior relate to ion formation, oxide acidity, and magnetic behavior understand the relation between atomic and ionic size and write ion electron configurations ( 8.5) (SPs 8.6-8.8) (EPs 8.47-8.65)... 

Polished aluminum (curve 15) and anodized (surface-oxidized) aluminum (curve 13) are representative of metals and nonmetals, respectively. Figure 5-10 thus demonstrates the generahzation that metals and nonmetals respond in opposite directions with regard to changes in the radiation source temperature. Since the effective solar temperature is 5800 K (10,440°R), the extreme right-hand side of Fig. 

For each of the following oxidation-reduction reactions of metals and nonmetals, identify the element that is oxidized and the element that is being reduced. 

Reactions of metals and nonmetals involve a transfer of electrons and are called oxidation-reduction reactions. A reaction between a nonmetal and oxygen is also an oxidation-reduction reaction. Combustion... 

Nonmetals lack metallic luster and are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity. Several are gases at room temperature. Compounds composed entirely of nonmetals are generally molecular. Nonmetals usually form anions in their reactions with metals. Nonmetal oxides are acidic they react with bases to form salts and water. Metalloids have properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals. 

Recognize the differences in chemical and physical properties of metals and nonmetals, including the basicity of metal oxides and the acidity of nonmetal oxides. (Section 7.6)... 

Nitric acid is the most stable and important of the nitrogen oxoacids however, the pure acid decomposes on heating to yield a mixture of oxides, one of which is the brown gas NO2. A powerful oxidizing agent, HNO3 reacts with a host of metals and nonmetals. 

Reaction of Metal and Nonmetal Oxides with Water... 

The alkaline-earth metals superimposed on the interconnected network of ideas. These include the trends in periodic properties, the acid-base character of metal and nonmetal oxides, trends in standard reduction potentials, (a) the uniqueness principle, (b) the diagonal effect, (c) the inert-pair effect, and (d) the metal-nonmetal line. 

Consistent with the position of the metal-nonmetal line (and the corresponding acid-base character of metal and nonmetal oxides), boron oxide is an acid anhydride, whereas the oxides of the heavier elements progress from amphoteric to basic in behavior. Boron oxide, then, reacts with water, as shown in Equation (14.2), to produce boric acid, B(OH)3 or H3BO3 ... 

Using the acid-base character of metal and nonmetal oxides component of the network, explain why boron oxide is acidic whereas indium oxide is basic. 

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