Inorganic compounds nonmetals

Table 6-1 Nomenclature Divisions for Inorganic Compounds Binary nonmetal-nonmetal compounds Ionic compounds...

The compound will be stoichiometric, with an exact composition of MX10ooo when the number of metal vacancies is equal to the number of nonmetal vacancies. At the same time, the number of electrons and holes will be equal. In an inorganic compound, which is an insulator or poor semiconductor with a fairly large band-gap, the number of point defects is greater than the number of intrinsic electrons or holes. To illustrate the procedure, suppose that the values for the equilibrium constants describing Schottky disorder, Ks, and intrinsic electron and hole numbers, Kc, are... 

Ionization is the process whereby a chemical reaction forms ions (atoms with a negative or positive charge) from the breakup of neutral molecules of some inorganic compounds. A common example is the neutral molecule of sodium chloride (NaCl, salt). When it dissociates (breaks apart) into positive metalhc ions of Na by the loss of an electron, the nonmetal chlorine ion Cl" gains the negative charge given up by the sodium atom. 

Polynuclear inorganic compounds exist in a bewildering array of structural types, such as ionic solids, molecular polymers, extended assemblies of oxounions both of metals and nonmeinis, nonmetal chains and rings, bridged melui complexes, and homo- and hetero-nuclcar clusters. This section treats primarily the nomenclature of bridged metal complexes and homo- and hetero-nuclear dusters. 

International Agreement, The first report of the Commission for the Reform of the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry was written in 1926 by Delepine. Subsequent rules (1940, 1959) were expanded and improved in 1990 to provide the basis for naming inorganic compounds. They retain most of the well established names for biliary and pseudobinary compounds and for the oxoacids of the nonmetals and derivatives. 

In Chapter 10 elements were discussed that as a rule tend to be toxic in their various forms. Chapter 11 covers toxic inorganic compounds of elements that are not themselves generally regarded as toxic. These elements include for the most part the lighter nonmetals located in the upper right of the periodic table (Figure 1.3) and exclude the heavy metals. Most of the elements involved in the inorganic compounds discussed in this chapter are those that are essential for life processes. Any division between toxic and nontoxic elements is by nature artificial in that most of the heavy metals have compounds of relatively low toxicity, and there are deadly compounds that contain elements essential for life. 

The two most notable examples of reductive transformations by Fe° that involve nonmetal inorganic compounds are reduction of nitrate [Eq. (4)] and aqueous chlorine [Eq. (5)]. 

Other nonmetal inorganic compounds that might be usefully transformed by Fe° include perchlorate, sulfate, and cyanide. Although the energetics for reduction of these compounds are all favorable, the kinetics appear to be unfavorable in the absence of microbial mediation. In the case of perchlorate, it has been reported that biodegradation can be inhibited by Fe° [83]. This means that useful applications of these reactions will have to wait until effective methods of catalyzing these reactions are discovered. 

Furthermore, inorganic compounds present coordination geometries different from those found for carbon. For example, although 4-coordinate carbon is nearly always tetrahedral, both tetrahedral and square planar shapes occur for 4-coordinate compounds of both metals and nonmetals. When metals are the central atoms, with anions or neutral molecules bonded to them (frequently through N, O, or S), these are called coordination complexes when carbon is the element directly bonded to metal atoms or ions, they are called organometaUic compounds. 

The solid crust and the upper mantle make up the region called the lithosphere. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the lithosphere. Unlike the hydrosphere and the atmosphere, the lithosphere contains a large variety of other elements, including deposits of alkali, alkahne earth, and transition metal elements. Table 26-3 lists the most abundant elements in the continental crust portion of the hthosphere. With the exception of gold, platinum, and a few other rare metals that are found free in nature, most metallic elements occur as compounds in minerals. A mineral is a solid, inorganic compound found in nature. Minerals have distinct crystalhne structures and chemical compositions. Most are combinations of metals and nonmetals. 

How are inorganic compounds held together If inorganic compounds contain only two nonmetal elements, they are bonded covalently and are referred to as molecular binary compoimds. 

Various Ionic and Covalently Bonded Organic and Inorganic Compounds Containing Metals and Nonmetals, Miscellaneous Ions, and Organometallic Compounds Found in Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke, and Tobacco Substitute Smoke... 

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