Nonmetal bonds, types

As a group of typical metal elements, lanthanide elements can form chemical bonds with most nonmetal elements. Some low-valence lanthanide elements can form chemical bonds in organometallic or atom cluster compounds. Because lanthanide elements lack sufficient electrons and show a strong repulsive force towards a positive charge, chemical bonds between lanthanide metals have not yet been observed. Table 1.4 shows that 1391 structure-characterized lanthanide complexes were reported in publications between 1935 and 1995 and these are sorted by chemical bond type. 

An ionic bond occurs between a metal and a nonmetal. In an ionic bond, the metal "gives" an electron to the nonmetal. A covalent bond is favored between nonmetals. In a covalent bond, both atoms attract electrons and share electrons between them. A metallic bond is favored between metals. In a metallic bond, atoms lose electrons to a matrix of free electrons surrounding them. Many bonds have some characteristics of more than one of the above basic bond types. 

Related topics Electronegativity and bond type (Bl) Introduction to nonmetals (FI)... 

A metal and a nonmetal—elements from opposite sides of the periodic table— have a relatively large AEN and typically interact by electron transfer to form an ionic compound. Two nonmetals—elements from the same side of the table— have a small AEN and interact by electron sharing to form a covalent compound. When we combine the nonmetal chlorine with each of the other elements in Period 3, starting with sodium, we should observe a steady decrease in AEN and a gradation in bond type from ionic through polar covalent to nonpolar covalent. 

How is the attainment of a noble gas electron configuration important to our ideas of how atoms bond to each other When atoms of a metal react with atoms of a nonmetal, what type of electron configurations do the resulting ions attain Explain how the atoms in a covalently bonded compound can attain noble gas electron configurations. 

Two types of acids are named differently. Water solutions of binary covalent compounds containing hydrogen and a nonmetal are named following the pattern hydro(stem)ic acid, where (stem) is the stem of the name of the nonmetal bonded to hydrogen. Acids in which hydrogen is bonded to polyatomic ions have names based on the name of the polyatomic ion to which hydrogen is bonded. 

Chemical compounds are divided into two types, ionic and molecular, each with its own naming system (4.3, 4.4). An ionic compound is a metal bonded to a nonmetal via an ionic bond. In an ionic bond, an electron is transferred from the metal to the non-metal, making the metal a cation (positively charged) and the nonmetal an anion (negatively charged). In its solid form, an ionic compound consists of a three-dimensional lattice of alternating positive and negative ions. A molecular compound is a nonmetal bonded to a nonmetal via a covalent bond. In a covalent bond, electrons are shared between the two atoms. Molecular compounds contain identifiable clusters of atoms called molecules. 

The orbital lobes of the transition metal orbitals d ) point toward the neighboring nonmetal atoms. These orbitals can form pd bonds with 2p orbitals of the neighboring nonmetal atoms. This bond type is depicted in Fig. 20, which shows the interaction of a metal d -y orbital (center) with p and Py orbitals, respectively, of neighboring nonmetal atoms. 

Diagrams of four types of substances (see text discussion). X represents a nonmetal atom, — represents a covalent bond, M+ a cation, X- an anion, and e an electron. 

Because nonmetals do not form monatomic cations, the nature of bonds between atoms of nonmetals puzzled scientists until 1916, when Lewis published his explanation. With brilliant insight, and before anyone knew about quantum mechanics or orbitals, Lewis proposed that a covalent bond is a pair of electrons shared between two atoms (3). The rest of this chapter and the next develop Lewis s vision of the covalent bond. In this chapter, we consider the types, numbers, and properties of bonds that can be formed by sharing pairs of electrons. In Chapter 3, we revisit Lewis s concept and see how to understand it in terms of orbitals. 

In addition to functioning as Lewis acids, boron halides undergo many other types of reactions. As is typical of most compounds containing covalent bonds between a nonmetal and a halogen, the boron halides react vigorously with water to yield boric acid and the corresponding hydrogen halide. 

In this chapter, we demonstrated that the restriction of building a compound with only one type of an element is not a restriction at all and a multitude of neutral, cationic as well as anionic polychalcogen structures is currently known. As expected for the more electronegative nonmetal (S) and meta metals (Se, Te), the bonding within these moieties is covalent and a small number of interactions, namely, p2-rap2 lone pair repulsion, n- and n -n bonding as well as p2- cr interactions, are sufficient to rationalize the structures and account for the bond lengths alternations or weak transannular interactions that are often found. 

Which type of bond will form between two nonmetals that differ slightly in electronegativity ... 

Ionic bonding is present in compounds containing a metal and a nonmetal or in a compound containing one or more polyatomic ions. There are a few exceptions to this generalization, but these usually do not appear in this type of question. An ionic substance must contain at least two different elements, so we... 

The periodic table can give us many clues as to the type of reaction that is taking place. One general rule, covered in more detail in the Bonding chapter, is that nonmetals react with other nonmetals to form covalent compounds, and that metals react with nonmetals to... 

The difference in chemical behavior between metals and nonmetals is intuitively clear to any chemist. Theoretical chemistry describes this diversity in terms of different types of chemical bonds. They are portrayed in textbooks as being nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, dative, donor-acceptor, coordination, and so on. Chemists ascribe specific bonds to the above types without a clear explanation of the grounds... 

---