Hydrogen nonmetal hydrides

Chlorine Ammonia, acetylene, alcohols, alkanes, benzene, butadiene, carbon disulflde, dibutyl phthalate, ethers, fluorine, glycerol, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, sodium carbide, flnely divided metals, metal acetylides and carbides, nitrogen compounds, nonmetals, nonmetal hydrides, phosphorus compounds, polychlorobi-phenyl, silicones, steel, sulfldes, synthetic rubber, turpentine... 

Molecules in polar liquids such as water, liquid ammonia, sulfuric acid, and chloroform are held together by dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding interactions. For molecules of comparable size, these are stronger than London forces resulting in the familiar trends in boiling points of nonmetal hydrides. For the heavier molecules, such as H2S, H,Se, PH3, and HI, dipole effects are not particularly important (the elec-... 

Nitromethane. Mixtures with HN03 are extremely explosive.38 Nonmetal Hydrides. Arsine, phosphine, and tetraborane are oxidized explosively by fuming HN03 and stibine by concentrated HN03. Phosphine, hydrogen sulfide, and... 

Binary compounds (compounds with only two elements) containing hydrogen are called hydrides. Hydrides can be basic, acidic, or neutral. On the periodic table, the basic hydrides are to the left, and the acidic hydrides are to the right. For instance, NaH is basic H,S is acidic. Following this trend, metal hydrides are either basic or neutral, while nonmetal hydrides are acidic or neutral. (Ammonia, NH3, is an exception to this rule.) The acidity of nonmetal hydrides tends to increase going down the periodic table. H20 < H2S < H,Se < H2Te... 

Many of the molecular (nonmetal) hydrides are acidic their aqueous solutions contain hydrogen ions. These include HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2S, H2Se, and H2Te. 

Ever since many more metal-hydrogen systems have been studied, and today we know that most elements form chemical compounds with hydrogen, called hydrides (Table I). The focus of this article are compounds consisting of metals and hydrogen only. Hydrides containing other nonmetals will be mentioned only briefly. 

Nitric acid, fuming Organic matter, nonmetals, most metals, ammonia, chlorosulfonic acid, chromium trioxide, cyanides, dichromates, hydrazines, hydrides, HCN, HI, hydrogen sulflde, sulfur dioxide, sulfur halides, sulfuric acid, flammable liquids and gases... 

Nonmetals form covalent molecular hydrides, which consist of discrete molecules. These compounds are volatile and many are Bronstcd acids. Some are gases— for example, ammonia, the hydrogen halides (HF, HC1, HBr, HI), and the lighter hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethene, and ethyne. Liquid molecular hydrides include water and hydrocarbons such as octane and benzene. 

Reacts with many metals to give hydrogen, sometimes violently. With non-metals pyrophoric hydrides may result. Frequently initiates explosive reactions between other substances. Violent reactions with many non-metal and some metal halides and oxyhalides, also with many organometallic compounds. Many metal nonmetal-lides produce toxic, flammable or pyrophoric gases on contact with diprotium monoxide. 

Atomic hydrogen is a powerful reducing agent, even at room temperature. For example, it reacts with the oxides and chlorides of many metals, including silver, copper, lead, bismuth, and mercury, to produce the free metals. It reduces some salts, such as nitrates, nitrites, and cyanides of sodium and potassium, to the metallic state. It reacts with a number of elements, both metals and nonmetals, to yield hydrides such as NH3, NaH, KH, and PH3. Sulfur forms a number of hydrides the simplest is H2S. Combining with oxygen, atomic... 

As we shall see later, borides (as well as oxides, nitrides, carbides, etc.) react with water to produce a hydrogen compound of the nonmetal. Thus, the reaction of magnesium boride with water might be expected to produce BH3, borane, but instead the product is B2ff6, diborane (m.p. -165.5 °C, b.p. -92.5 °C). This interesting covalent hydride has the structure... 

H2, hydrogen, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, nonpolar, diamagnetic, diatomic gas with the lowest atomic weight and density of any known substance. It has low solubility in water and is very flammable. Hydrogen is prepared by reactions of metals with water, steam or various acids, electrolysis of water, the water gas reaction and thermal cracking of hydrocarbons. It combines with metals and nonmetals to form hydrides. 

A number of substances react vigorously with water, sometimes with the formation of hydrogen gas, which itself may ignite in the presence of air. Examples or such reactants are alkali metals, finely divided light metals and their hydrides, anhydrous metal oxides, anhydrous metal halides, nonmetal halides, and nonmetal oxides as well as certain organics such as anhydrides... 

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