Neisseria

Elfamycins have similar in vitro antimicrobial spectra and the activity against Moraxe//a, Pasteure//a, Yersinia Haemophilus Streptococcus Corynebacterium and Neisseria appears to be common (2,23,72). Aurodox (1, R = CH ) (2), azdimycin (8), LL-E19020a(ll, R = H, R = COCH2CgH ), LL-E19020p (11,... 

M ribosomal protection Neisseria, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus Gardnerella, Kingella, Eikenella, Veillonella, Tusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus Clostridium difficile. Streptococcus pneumoniae... 

Meropenem (Merrem IV) inhibits syndiesis of die bacterial cell wall and causes die deadi of susceptible cells. This drug is used for intra-abdominal infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and odier susceptible organisms Meropenem also is effective against bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Hemophilus influenzae. 

Chloroquine (Aralen) is also used in die treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis (see section on Amebicides). Doxycycline is also used to treat infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium, and Bacillus anthracis when penicillin is contraindicated. Quinine also may be used for die prevention and treatment of nocturnal leg cramps. 

Among other polysaccharides studied were those elaborated by Neisseria per-flava (starch-type polysaccharide), Polytomella coeca (a starch richer in amy-lopectin than most natural starches), Pseudomonas morsprunorum (Wormald) (levan), Acetobacter acetigenum (cellulose), Aerobacter aerogenes (NCTC 8172) (Klebsiella Type 164), Bacillus megaterium. Bacterium pruni, and Bacterium prunicola (polyfructoses of the levan type). 

The Structure of the Starch-like Polysaccharide Synthesised from Sucrose by Neisseria perflava" S. A. Barker, E. J. Bourne, and M. Stacey,/. Chem. Soc., (1950) 2884- 2887. 

Kersten, G. F. A., Van de Put, A., Teerlink, T., Beuvery, E. C., and Crommelin, D. J. A. (1988a). Immunogenicity of liposomes and iscoms containing the major outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae -Influence of protein content and liposomal bilayer composition. Inf. Immun., 56. 1661-1664. 

D-Xylose, which is one of the most abundant sugars in plant polysaccharides, is a rare component of bacterial polysaccharides. It is found in the LPS of Type 1 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain" GC 6. L-Xylose and its 3-methyI ether are components of the LPS of Pseudomonas maltophila strain NCTC 10257, and are j -pyranosidic. The d- and L-sugars, and different methyl ethers of these, have also been found in the LPS of some photosynthetic bacteria."... 

In some polysaccharides, the reducing terminal is linked, through a phosphoric diester linkage, to O-1 of a 2,3-di-6 -acylglycerol. This structural feature has been demonstrated for some capsular polysaccharides from E. coli and Neisseria species, - but is probably more common than that. Non-covalent linkage between the lipid part and the cell membrane may explain why extracellular polysaccharides often occur as capsules, and the high (apparent) molecular weight observed for these polysaccharides may be due to micelle formation in aqueous solution. 

In different polysaccharides of the teichoic acid type, monosaccharides or oligosaccharides are connected by phosphoric diester linkages. Two examples are the capsular antigens from Neisseria meningitides type A (56) and Haemophilus influenzae type c (57), respectively. Glycerol phosphate... 

Virus infections such as influenza and the common cold (in reality 300-400 different strains ofrhinovirus) infect epithelial cells ofthe respiratory tract and nasopharynx, respectively. Release ofthe virus, after lysis ofthe host cells, is to the void rather than to subepithelial tissues. The epithelia is further infected resulting in general degeneration ofthe tracts. Such damage predisposes the respiratory tract to infection with opportunistic pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. 

The treatment of bacterial infections of the central nervous system highlights a number of important therapeutic considerations. Bacterial meningitis is caused by a variety of bacteria although their incidence varies with age. In the neonate, E. coli and group B streptococci account for the majority of infections, while in the preschool child H. influenzae is the commonest pathogen. Neisseria meningitidis has a... 

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been recognized since the first drugs were introduced for clinical use. The sulphonamides were introduced in 1935 and approximately 10 years later 20% of clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae had become resistant. Similar increases in sulphonamide resistance were found in streptococci, coliforms and other bacteria. Penicillin was first used in 1941, when less than 1 % of Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to its action. By 1947,3 8% of hospital strains had acquired resistance and currently over 90% of Staph, aureus isolates are resistant to penicillin. Increasing resistance to antibiotics is a consequence of selective pressure, but the actual incidence of resistance varies between different bacterial species. For example, ampicillin resistance inEscherichia coli, presumably under similar selective pressure as Staph, aureus with penicillin, has remained at a level of 30-40% for mai years with a slow rate of increase. Streptococcus pyogenes, another major pathogen, has remained susceptible to penicillin since its introduction, with no reports of resistance in the scientific literature. Equally, it is well recognized that certain bacteria are unaffected by specific antibiotics. In other words, these bacteria have always been antibiotic-resistant. 

A third mechanism of plasmid transfer is by transformation, which is the ability of certain microorganisms to acquire naked DNA from the environment. This is limited to certain bacteria, notably Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is naturally competent to acquire DNA in this manner. Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains have the ability to recognize DNA from their own species, and are thus selective in their acquisition of naked DNA from the environment. 

Type B vaccine, the Neisseria meningitidis Type A and C vaccine, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and an acellular typhoid vaccine. 

Fractionation. The process by which components are extracted firm bacterial eells or from the medium in whieh the baeteria are grown and obtained in a purified form. The polysaccharide antigens of Neisseria meningitidis are separated from the bacterial cells by treatment with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and those of Streptococcus pneumoniae with ethanol. The purity of an extracted material may be improved by resolubilization in a suitable solvent and precipitation. After purification, a component may be dried to a powder, stored indefinitely and, as required, incorporated into a vaccine in precisely weighed amounts at the blending stage. 

Neisseria meningitidis Types A and Ct, Cultures of N. meningitidis of serotypes A and C 1 Precipitation with hexadecyl-trimethyammonium bromide 2 Solubilization and purification 3 Blending 4 Freeze-drying Estimation of capsular polysaccharide content ... 

Zhu W, A Wilks, I Stojiljkovic (2000) Degradation of heme in Gram-negative bacteria the product of the hemO gene of Neisseriae is a heme oxygenase. J Bacterial 182 6783-6790. 

Also, against Neisseria gonorrhoeae the 2-acetylpyridine JV-dialkylthiosemi-carbazones were the most active [86], Recently, it has been shown that... 

Hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis is associated with gonococcal infections in sexually active patients. The causative agents are Neisseria gonorrhoeae or N. meningitidis. Prompt work-up and treatment is required, as corneal perforation occurs in 10% of cases within 48 hours.12 An ophthalmologist should complete a conjunctival scraping and susceptibility testing.10... 

Bacterial meningitis is the most common cause of CNS infections. An epidemiologic review of bacterial meningitis in 1995 revealed that Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) was the most common pathogen (47%), followed by Neisseria... 

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