Vaccines Pneumococcal polysaccharide

Indications for Use. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine maybe used for immuni2ation of persons two years of age or older who are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease. 

Pneumococcal vaccine. The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended for all children age 2-23 months. It is also recommended for certain children age 24-59 months. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) is recommended in addition to PCV for certain high-risk groups. See MMWR. 2000 49(RR-9) 1-35. 

Type B vaccine, the Neisseria meningitidis Type A and C vaccine, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and an acellular typhoid vaccine. 

Serious illness and death in COPD patients can be reduced by about 50% with annual influenza vaccination. The optimal time for vaccination is usually from early October through mid-November. All patients with COPD should also receive a one-time vaccination with the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, even though sufficient data supporting its use in COPD patients are lacking.1,2 Patients over 65 years of age should be revacdnated if it has been more than 5 years since initial vaccination and they were less than 65 years of age at the time. 

PCV 7, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine PPV 23, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. From Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices,18 Committee on Infectious Diseases,16 and Sickle Cell Disease Care Consortium.27... 

The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine contains 23 serotypes that are responsible for causing more than 80% of invasive S. pneumoniae infections in adults. The vaccine includes those serotypes that are associated with drug resistance. Use of the vaccine will not prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae, but is likely to prevent infection from drug-resistant strains. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine has demonstrated good immunogenicity in adults, but an individual will not develop immunity to all 23 serotypes following vaccination.10... 

The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for use in all adults 65 years of age or older and adults less than 65 years who have medical comorbidities that increase the risk for serious complications from S. pneumoniae infection, such as chronic pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, chronic renal failure, functional or anatomic asplenia, and immunosuppressive disorders. Alaskan natives and certain Native American populations are also at increased risk. Children over the age of 2 years may be vaccinated with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine if they are at increased risk for invasive S. pneumoniae infections, such as children with sickle cell anemia or those receiving cochlear implants. 

Revaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for adults over the age of 65 years if the first dose was administered when they were less than 65 years... 

Pneumococcal vaccine. (Minimum age 6 weeks for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV 2 yeas for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [PW])... 

Because children younger than 2 years of age do not respond adequately to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was created that can be administered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and between 12 and 15 months of age. 

NMR can also be used to elucidate the structural features of a repeating unit in a polysaccharide and to investigate the conformation and dynamics of polysaccharides.21 A unique polysaccharide structure results in a characteristic proton NMR spectrum. Therefore, NMR is a powerful tool for identifying polysaccharide structures. This remarkable specificity has led to the development of a routine NMR-based identity assay, recently reported by Abeygunawardana et al. for quality control testing of bacterial polysaccharide to be used in formulating a polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.22... 

Wang, Q., Wang, M., Kong, F., Gilbert, G.L., Cao, B., Wang, L., Feng, L. Development of a DNA microarray to identify the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes contained in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and closely related serotypes. J Microbiol Methods 68 (2007) 128-136. 

The question of whether revaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) at least 5 years after the first vaccination is associated with more frequent or more serious adverse events than those after the first vaccination has been studied in patients aged 50-74 years who had never been vaccinated with PPV (n = 901) or who had been vaccinated once at least 5 years before enrolment (n = 513) (8). After one dose of PPV, local injection site reactions and prevaccination concentrations of type-specific antibodies were measured. Those who were re-vaccinated were more likely than those who received their first vaccinations to report a local injection site reaction of at least 10.2 cm (4 in.) in diameter within 2 days of vaccination (55/513 versus 29/ 901, or 11 versus 3%). The reactions resolved by a median of 3 days after vaccination. The highest rate was among revaccinated patients who were immune competent and did not have chronic illnesses 15% (33/228) compared with 3% (10/337) among comparable patients receiving their first vaccinations. The risk of these local reactions correlated significantly with prevaccination geometric mean antibody concentrations. The authors concluded that physicians and patients should be aware that selflimited local injection site reactions occur more often after revaccination compared with a first vaccination however, this risk does not represent a contraindication to revaccination with PPV in recommended patients. 

The immunogenicity and safety of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine have been studied in renal allograft recipients, dialysis patients (19), children and adolescents with sickle-cell anemia (SED-11, 682) (SEDA-12, 277), people with diabetes mellitus (SED-11, 682), and children with nephrotic syndrome (20). When comparing the results with healthy persons there were no significant differences. 

In a study of the interaction between 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and influenza vaccine, 152 adults with chronic respiratory disease were... 

Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989 38(5) 64-8, 73-6. 

Jackson LA, Benson P, Sneller VP, Butler JC, Thompson RS, Chen RT, Lewis LS, Carlone G, DeStefano F, Holder P, Lezhava T, Williams WW. Safety of revaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. JAMA 1999 281(3) 243-8. 

French N, Nakiyingi J, Carpenter LM, Lugada E, Watera C, Moi K, Moore M, Antvelink D, Mulder D, Janoff EN, Whitworth J, Gilks CF. 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in HlV-l-infected Ugandan adults double-blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2000 355(9221) 2106-11. 

Kazancioglu R, Sever MS, Yuksel-Onel D, Eraksoy H, Yildiz A, Cehk AV, Kayacan SM, Badur S. Immunization of renal transplant recipients with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Clin Transplant 2000 14(l) 61-5. 

Halsey NA, Spika JS, Lum GM, Schiffman GS, Lauer BA. Adverse reactions to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis 1982 l(l) 34-6. 

Fletcher TJ, Tunnicliffe WS, Hammond K, Roberts K, Ayres JG. Simultaneous immunisation with influenza vaccine and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with chronic respiratory disease. BMJ 1997 314(7095) 1663-5. 

In vivo assessment of B-lymphocyte function involves immunizing the patient with a protein (e.g., tetanus toxoid) and a polysaccharide (e.g., pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine) antigen to elicit and... 

PCV 7, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine PPV 23, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. 

Two different pneumococcal vaccines are available. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV 7 Prevnar) induces good antibody responses in infants. Immunization with the PCV 7 is recommended for all children less than 24 months of age. Infants should receive the first dose between 6 weeks and 6 months. Two additional doses should be given at approximately 2-month intervals, followed by a fourth dose at age 12 to 15 months. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV 23 Pneumovax 23) was not recommended for use in children less than 2 years of age because... 

Adamkiewicz TV, Samaik S, Buchanan GR, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections in children with sickle cell disease in the era of penicillin prophylaxis antibiotic resistance and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination. J Pediatr 2003 143 438-444. 

Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy Statement Recommendations for the prevention of pneumococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (lYevnar), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and antibiotic prophylaxis. Pediatrics 2000 106 362-366. 

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