Aerobacter aerogenes

Among other polysaccharides studied were those elaborated by Neisseria per-flava (starch-type polysaccharide), Polytomella coeca (a starch richer in amy-lopectin than most natural starches), Pseudomonas morsprunorum (Wormald) (levan), Acetobacter acetigenum (cellulose), Aerobacter aerogenes (NCTC 8172) (Klebsiella Type 164), Bacillus megaterium. Bacterium pruni, and Bacterium prunicola (polyfructoses of the levan type). 

The degradation of DDT by organisms designated Aerobacter aerogenes (possibly Klebsiella aerogenes) (Wedemeyer 1967) (Figure 2.6), and the partial reductive dechlorination of methoxychlor by K. pneumoniae (Baarschers et al. 1982). 

Wedemeyer G (1967) Dechlorination of l,Ll-trichloro-2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl]ethane by Aerobacter aerogenes. Appl Microbiol 15 569-574. 

L-lysine 2, 3-Dihydroxy-N - Catechol 1 Aerobacter aerogenes,Escherichia... 

The final step is a hydrolyzing step with sulfatase enzymes (E.C. number 3.1.6.1), such as limpet sulfatase, Aerobacter aerogenes sulfatase, Abalone entrail sulfatase, or Helixpomatia sulfatase. This step was suggested to be carried out in a CSTR or fluidized bed reactors, with counter-current flow between the aqueous and the oil phase. A more efficient removal of the sulfate into the aqueous stream is expected to occur in this cross-flow manner. A final separation of the reacting mixture was suggested to obtain sulfur-free product and aqueous enzyme solution for recycle. 

Gibson F, Magrath DI (1969) The Isolation and Characterization of a Hydroxamic Acid (Aerobactin) Formed hy Aerobacter aerogenes 62-1. Biochim Biophys Acta 192 175... 

Ratledge C (1964) Relationship between the Products of Aromatic Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Aerobacter aerogenes. Nature 203 428... 

Coliform bacteria are common microorganisms found in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and in the soil and plants. The intestinal type is known as fecal coliform bacteria, while the most common type of soil and plant coliform bacteria is the bacterium Aerobacter aerogenes. Fecal coliform bacteria are easy to test for, and they are present in water at any given time and place in much larger numbers than are pathogens. If large numbers of fecal coliform bacteria are present in a sample of water, it is likely that pathogens are present as well. 

Among the deoxyhexosyl esters of guanosine 5 -pyrophosphate, the most common is the /3-L-fucopyranosyl ester 22. It was isolated from extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes,90 milk,91 mammary gland,76 and blood cells,48 and was considered of probable occurrence in higher plants also (compare Ref. 92). 

The first of these enzymes has been studied the most thoroughly. Its activity has been detected in many sources, and purified preparations have been obtained from calf and beef liver,348-349 rat tissues,3498 hen oviduct,350 pea seedlings,351 Cryptococcus laurentii,352 and Aerobacter aerogenes,353 Extensive purification of the liver enzyme was achieved.349... 

Enzyme preparations that can convert a-D-mannopyranosyl or 6-deoxy-a-D-Zt/xo-hexopyranosyl-4-ulose esters of guanosine 5 -pyro-phosphate into the /3-L-fucopyranosyl ester were obtained from Aerobacter aerogenes,99 432 Escherichia coli,100 Salmonella strains,433 higher plants,92 and animal tissues.434 Further purification of these enzymes will be necessary for mechanistic studies. 

Carroll, E. J., Schalm, O. W. and Lasmanis, J. 1963. Experimental coliform (Aerobacter aerogenes) mastitis Distribution of whey proteins during the early acute phase. J. Dairy Sci. 46, 1236-1242. 

Johnstone, D. B. and Pfeffer, M. 1959. Aerobic fermentation of whey by a nitrogenfixing strain of Aerobacter aerogenes. Nature 183, 992-993. 

The shikimate pathway was identified through the study of ultraviolet light-induced mutants of E. coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, and Neurospora. In 1950, using the penicillin enrichment technique (Chapter 26), Davis obtained a series of mutants of E. coli that would not grow without the addition of aromatic substances.4 5 A number of the mutants required five compounds tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, p-aminobenzoic acid, and a trace of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. It was a surprise to find that the requirements for all five compounds could be met by the addition of shikimic acid, an aliphatic compound that was then regarded as a rare plant acid. Thus, shikimate was implicated as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the three aromatic amino acids and of other essential aromatic substances.6 7... 

The first description of a bacterial FDPase was that of Fossitt and Bernstein (89), who purified the enzyme from extracts of Pseudomonas saccharophila and established the specificity of the enzyme and the stoichiometry of the reaction. Fructosediphosphatase has also been reported in Aerobacter aerogenes (90), where the enzyme is required for growth on D-fructose. Like the enzyme in E. coli, the Aerobacter FDPase exhibits optimum activity between pH 7 and 8. In this organism the obligatory pathway for fructose utilization is fructose - fructose 1-phosphate -> fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The presence of FDPase is required as a source of fructose 6-phosphate for biosynthetic pathways. 

The fermentative oxidation of D-galactose or D-galactonic acid to D-iyxo-2-hexulosonic acid by Aerobacter aerogenes,6 9 Pseudomonas... 

The siderophore enterobactin (enterochelin) (64) is a cyclic lactone of three N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl) L-serine moieties produced by E. coli under iron stress. Enterobactin (64) was first isolated from iron-limited cultures of Salmonella typhimur-ium [83], E. coli [84], and Aerobacter aerogenes [84]. Structural analysis has confirmed that 64 chelates iron as a hexadentate ligand via the two hydroxyl groups on each catechol moiety (see Fig. 13) [85]. Of all the siderophores characterized to date, 64 has been shown to have the highest affinity for ferric iron, with a stability constant of 1052 M 1 [86, 87], which is remarkable, considering the affinity of EDTA for iron is 27 orders of magnitude lower. In mammals, serum albumin [88] and siderocalin [89, 90] bind the hydrophobic 64 which impedes siderophore-mediated transfer of iron to bacteria. Consequently, bacteria such as E. coli and... 

A colorimetric method for determining mz/o-inositol has been described.104 The color is developed with the phosphomolybdotungstic acid reagent of Folin and Denis, after oxidation of the inositol with bromine. Enzymic methods, based on the inositol dehydrogenases of Acetobacter suboxydans44 and Aerobacter aerogenes,106 have also been used. These methods could be employed with any cyclitol readily attacked by the respective enzyme systems (see pp. 144 and 147). 

In addition to the limited oxidations described earlier (see p. 144), the fermentation of mt/o-inositol to two-carbon and three-carbon compounds, and its complete oxidation to carbon dioxide plus water, can be performed by a number of micro-organisms. Detailed studies have been carried out with only one organism, Aerobacter aerogenes. In the presence of arsenite, this bacterium ferments rayo-inositol according to the following equation.137... 

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