Naphtha Definition

CAS 8030-30-6 68920-06-9 64742-95-6 (It. aromatic) 977126-64-9 UN 1255 (DOT) UN 1256 (DOT) UN 1270 (DOT) UN 2553 (DOT) Synonyms Benzin Benzine Coal tar naphtha Coal tar naphtha distillate Heavy naphtha Hydrotreated naphtha Naphtha coal tar Naphtha, heavy Naphtha, hydrotreated Naphtha, petroleum Naphtha, solvent Petroleum benzin Petroleum-derived naphtha Petroleum distillates (naphtha) Petroleum ether Petroleum naphtha Petroleum oil Petroleum spirit VM P naphtha Definition Petroleum distillate... 

The term feedstock in this article refers not only to coal, but also to products and coproducts of coal conversion processes used to meet the raw material needs of the chemical industry. This definition distinguishes between use of coal-derived products for fuels and for chemicals, but this distinction is somewhat arbitrary because the products involved in fuel and chemical appHcations are often identical or related by simple transformations. For example, methanol has been widely promoted and used as a component of motor fuel, but it is also used heavily in the chemical industry. Frequendy, some or all of the chemical products of a coal conversion process are not isolated but used as process fuel. This practice is common in the many coke plants that are now burning coal tar and naphtha in the ovens. 

When simple Hquids like naphtha are cracked, it may be possible to determine the feed components by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (gc/ms) (30). However, when gas oil is cracked, complete analysis of the feed may not be possible. Therefore, some simple definitions are used to characterize the feed. When available, paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics (PONA) content serves as a key property. When PONA is not available, the Bureau of Mines Correlation Index (BMCI) is used. Other properties like specific gravity, ASTM distillation, viscosity, refractive index. Conradson Carbon, and Bromine Number are also used to characterize the feed. In recent years even nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been... 

Experimental conditions were 727, 756, and 794 K isothermal reactor temperature 827-, 1220-, and 2619-kPa hydrogen pressure 138- and 345-kPa hydrocarbon pressure and 1 to 26 liquid hourly space velocity. (See Section II for definition.) Charge stocks consisted of three C6 component blends (blends included 53/19/23/5, 25/75/0/0, and 0/0/50/50 wt. % hexane/methylcyclopentane/cyclohexane/benzene), C6 to C7 component naphthas (322-366 K TBP Kirkuk, Mid-Continent, and Nigerian), a C6 to C8 component naphtha (322-416 K TBP Mid-Continent), and C6 to C12 component naphthas (322-461 K TBP Arab Light, Mid-Continent, and... 

A large volume of data has been compiled from the fluid hydroforming pilot plant just described. These data show definite improvement over fixed-bed hydroforming from a yield standpoint. A yield comparison has been made graphically on Figure 4 for operation on mid-continent heavy naphtha. Detailed data for this comparison are presented... 

It would be foolhardy to attempt to predict definitively the level of naphtha prices at some particular future date. However, additional... 

Precipitation number the number of milliliters of precipitate formed when 10 ml of lubricating oil is mixed with 90 ml of petroleum naphtha of a definite quality and centrifuged under definitely prescribed conditions. 

Synthesis gas may be prepared from any feedstock containing any ratio of carbon and hydrogen and oxygen and not extreme levels of sulphur and nitrogen. Such a definition covers feedstocks ranging from wood, biomass, coal and heavy fuel oils, to naphtha and natural gas. 

Asphaltenes are dark brown to black friable solids that have no definite melting point, and when heated, usually intumesce, then decompose leaving a carbonaceous residue. They are obtained from petroleums and bitumens by addition of a nonpolar solvent (such as a hydrocarbon) with a surface tension lower than 25 dynes cm-1 at 25°C (such as liquefied petroleum gases, the low-boiling petroleum naphthas, petroleum ether, pentane, isopentane, and hexane) but are soluble in liquids having a surface tension above 25 dynes cm-1 (such as pyridine, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene) (6, 7). 

As already observed above, the pyrolysis of naphthas and gasoils to produce light alkenes is a process whose chemical complexity is dictated both by the characterization of the hydrocarbon mixture and by the complete definition of the kinetic mechanism. Due to the large number of species involved and the need to take into account all the relevant interactions between the different species, the number of elementary reactions becomes very large. For this reason, it is useful to classify the reactions on the one hand and very convenient to apply automatic procedures in order to generate the kinetic scheme, on the other. Likewise, as the molecular weight of the molecules rises, it is not only useful but sometimes necessary to adopt carefully evaluated simplifying rules. 

Detailed kinetic schemes also consist of several hundreds of species involved in thousands of reactions. Once efficient tools for handling the correspondingly large numerical systems are available, the extension of existing kinetic models to handle heavier and new species becomes quite a viable task. The definition of the core mechanism always remains the most difficult and fundamental step. Thus, the interactions of small unsaturated species with stable radicals are critical for the proper characterization of conversion and selectivity in pyrolysis processes. Parallel to this, the classification of the different primary reactions involved in the scheme, the definition of their intrinsic kinetic parameters, the automatic generation of the detailed primary reactions and the proper simplification rules are the important steps in the successive extension of the core mechanism. These assumptions are more relevant when the interest lies in the pyrolysis of hydrocarbon mixtures, such as naphtha, gasoil and heavy residue, where a huge number of isomers are involved as reactant, intermediate and final products. Proper rules for feedstock characterizations are then required for a detailed kinetic analysis. 

This discussion will be concerned with integrated hydrocarbon processing, starting with crude oil as feedstock. Plants charging pre-processed fractions such as LPG, naphtha, gas oil, natural gasoline, etc. are definitely outside this concept since they imply a reliance upon the byproducts of other hydrocarbon processing operations. The proper selection of the products to be produced from this crude oil input and the process steps used to obtain them and their scale will determine the economic feasibility of the scheme. 

Plastic materials are those that are formed from synthetic compounds e.g., polymers or natural compounds that have previously been modified, for example hydrocarbons refined from crude oil, natural gas or derivatives of ethane, methane and naphtha. By definition the manufacturing of a plastic component should include a viscous flowing process that usually requires heat and pressure, for example extrusion or injection moulding. 

For solid wastes to warrant management as hazardous wastes, they must meet one of four characteristics (flammability, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity) or be listed on one of four lists, although some otherwise hazardous wastes by these definitions are excluded. Hazardous wastes carry one or more identifying waste codes four digits comprised of a letter (D, F, K, P, or U) followed by three numbers. For example, a flammable hazardous waste, possibly waste naphtha, carries the waste code DOOL... 

CAS 8001-39-6 103798-70-5 EINECS/ELINCS 310-125-5 Synonyms Japan tallow Japan wax Rhus succedanea Rhus succedanea cera Rhus succedanea wax Sumac wax Definition Fat expressed from the mesocarpof thefmitof Rhus succedanea, contg. 10-15% palmitin, stearin, olein, 1%japanic acid Properties Pale yel. solid, greasy feel tallow-like rancid odor and taste sol. in benzene, naphtha, CSj, ether, hot alcohol, alkalis insol. in water, cold alcohol dens. 0.97-0.98 m.p. 53.5-55 C acid no. 22-23 iodine no. 10-15 sapon. no. 217-237 Toxicology TSCA listed Precaution Combustible... 

Synonyms Mahogany oil Mineral oil sulfonic acids, sodium salts Petroleum sulfonates, sodium salts Petroleum sulfonic acid, monosodium salt Sodium naphtha sulfonate Sulfonated petroleum, sodium salt Definition Natural oil-sol. mixed surfactants contg. 61-63% sulfonates and with equiv. wts. of 415-540 g Properties Anionic Toxicology TSCA listed... 

Definition Waxy mixture of hydrocarbons obtained by purification of ozokerite Properties Wh. or yel. waxy cake tasteless odorless (wh.), si. odor (yel.) sol. in benzene, chloroform, naphtha, hot oils, petrol, ether, 30 parts abs. alcohol, most org. soivs. insol. in water dens. 0.92-0.94 m.p. 68-72 C Toxicology May cause allergic reactions TSCA listed... 

Definition Bicyclic ring compd. derived from coal-tar naphtha Empiricai CsHeO... 

CAS 141-78-6 EINECS/ELINCS 205-500-4 UN 1173 (DOT) FEMA2414 Synonyms Acetic acid, ethyl ester Acetic ester Acetic ether Acetoxyethane Ethyl acetic ester Ethyl ethanoate Vinegar naphtha Classification Sat. aliphatic carboxylic acid ester Definition Ester of ethyl alcohol and acetic acid Empirical C4H8O2 Formula CH3COOC2H5 Properties Colorless liq., fragrant fruity odor, acetous burning taste sol. in chloroform, alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, fixed and volatile oils si. sol. in water m.w. 88.12 dens. 0.902 (20/4 C) bulk dens. 0.8945 g/ml f.p. -83.6 C b.p. 77 C flash pt. -4.4 C ref. index 1.3723 surf. tens. 24 dynes/cm (20 C)... 

CAS 8002-50-4 EINECS/ELINCS 232-311-4 Synonyms Brevoortia Brevoortia tyrannus oil Mossbunker oil Pogy oil Definition Oil obtained from the small North Atlantic fish, Brevoortia tyrannus Properties YIsh.-brown or reddish-brown oil, char, fishy odor and taste sol. in ether, benzene, petrol, ether, naphtha, kerosene, CS2 dens. 0.925-0.933 m.p. 38.5-47.2 C iodine no. 115-160 sapon. no. 191-200 ref. index 1.480 (20 C)... 

Heavy aromatic solvent naphtha Heavy aromatic solvent naphtha (petroleum) Petroleum distillates, intermediate catalytic cracked (Polyethyl) benzenes Solvent naphtha, heavy aromatic Solvent naphtha (petroleum), heavy aromatic Classification Petroleum hydrocarbon Definition Complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained from distillation of aromatic streams consists of predominantly C9-16 aromatic hydrocarbons... 

Naphtha, heavy hydrotreated. See Naphtha, hydrotreated heavy Naphtha, hydrodesulfurized heavy CAS 64742-82-1 EINECS/ELINCS 265-185-4 Synonyms High flash white spirit Hydrodesulfurized heavy naphtha Hydrodesulfurized naphtha, heavy Naphtha (petroleum), hydrodesulfurized heavy Petroleum naphtha, hydrodesulfurized heavy White spirits, hydrodesulfurized White spirit. White spirit, high flash Classification Petroleum distillate Definition Complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained from a catalytic hydrodesulfurization process mixt. of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, predominantly C7-12 Properties B.p. 90-230 C Uses Solvent... 

Synonyms Heavy hydrotreated naphtha (petroleum) Hydrotreated heavy naphtha Naphtha, heavy hydrotreated Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy Definition Complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petrol, fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst consists predominantly of C6-13 hydrocarbons mixt. of C9-13 naphthenes, iso- and n-paraffins Properties Colorless liq. insol. in water dens. 0.76-0.79 g/cm vapor pressure 0.1-0.3 kPa (20 C) m.p. 0 C b.p. 155-217 C flash pt. (CC) 40-62 C autoignition temp. 255-270 C Toxicoiogy Inh. may cause dizziness, headache, drowsiness, nausea, unconsciousness contact may cause dry skin, eye redness ing. may cause cough, diarrhea, sore throat, vomiting if aspirated, may cause chem. pneumonitis Environmentai Toxic to aquatic organisms ... 

Light alkylate naphtha Light alkylation naphtha Naphtha (petroleum), light alkylate Definition Complex combination of hydrocarbons produced by distillation of reaction prods, of isobutane with C3-5 monoolefinic hydrocarbons consists of predominantly C7-10 branched chain sat. hydrocarbons Properties B.p. 90-160 C Uses Solvent diluent chem. feedstock fuel Trade Name Synonyms Isopar C [ExxonMobil http //www. exxonmobilchemical. com, Exxon Canada http //www.imperialoil.com,... 

Petroleum sulfonates, sodium salts Petroleum sulfonic acid, monosodium salt. See Sodium petroleum sulfonate Petroleum thinner. See VM P naphtha Petroleum wax CAS 977051-70-9 UN 1223 (DOT) INS905c Synonyms Microcrystalline wax Petroleum wax, synthetic Refined petroleum wax Classification Petroleum hydrocarbon Definition Hydrocarbon derived from petroleum three types paraffin waxes, microcrystalline waxes, and petrolatum waxes Properties Translucent wax, odorless, tasteless very si. sol. in org. soivs. insol. in water m.p. 48-93 C... 

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