North Atlantic

An appreciation of the extent to which invertebrate species may be exposed to such chemicals comes from considering the effects of complex mixtures. In the North Atlantic ecosystem alone, hundreds of pollutant chemicals have been identified. These include metals, synthetic and chlorinated organics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Over 300 aromatic hydrocarbons have been detected in some regions of the Chesapeake Bay, and high concentrations of PCBs have been... 

A number of current coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models predict that the overturning of the North Atlantic may decrease somewhat under a future warmer climate.While this is not a feature that coupled models deal with well, its direct impact on the ocean s sequestration of carbon would be to cause a significant decline in the carbon that is stored in the deep water. This is a positive feedback, as oceanic carbon uptake would decline. Flowever, the expansion of area populated by the productive cool water plankton, and the associated decline... 

Surface water enrichment is the result of aeolian and fluvial inputs, which are thought to be the most important sources of Th to the ocean. Thorinm-232 has been proposed as a link between the radiogenic thorium isotopes and trace metals and anthropogenic pollutants. " While the pathways are very different for the radiogenic thorium isotopes, Th is delivered to the ocean in a fashion similar to many pollutants and trace metals. For example, Guo et found Th distributions in the Gulf of Mexico and off Cape Hatteras in the North Atlantic Ocean agreed well with the general distribution pattern of aluminum. 

Oxygen solubility decreases almost linearly with increasing temperature but the diffusion rate increases exponentially. This leads to a slight increase in corrosion rate with increasing temperature although in Eq. (4-6) the factor is assumed to be greater. For this reason an increase in corrosion rate of about 1.5 times is considered in tropical waters compared with the North Atlantic. 

Fig. 2-4. Average CO2 concentration North Atlantic Region O, Pacific Region A. (The dashed line is the nineteenth-century base value 290 ppm.) Source Combination of data from Callender, G. C., Tellus, 10, 243 (1958), and Council on Environmental Quality, "Global Energy Futures and the Carbon Ehoxide Problem." Superintendent of Documents, Lf.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. (See also Fig. 11-1.)...

Cramer, H. E., Improved techniques for modeling the dispersion of tall stack plumes. "Proceedings of the Seventh International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application." North Atlantic Treaty Organization Committee on Challenges of Modern Society. Pub. No. 51. Brussels, 1976. (National Technical Information Service PB-270 799.)... 

Turner, D. B, Zimmerman, J. R., and Busse, A. D., An evaluation of some climatological dispersion models, in "Proceedings of the Third Meeting of the Expert Panel on Air Pollution Modeling." North Atlantic Treaty Organization Committee on the Challenges of Modem Society Pub. No. 14. Brussels, 1972. (National Technical Information Service PB 240-574.)... 

Thrall, E.W. Jr., Failures in adhesively bonded structures. AGARD Lecture Series No. 12. Bonded Joints and Preparation for Bonding. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, London, 1979. 

Grimes, D.L., Application of Structural Adhesives in Air Vehicles. Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Paris, 1958. Lockshaw, J.J. et al., United States Patent 5,273,806, Structural Element with Interlocking Ribbing, United States Patent Office, 1993. 

North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) a study to assess the contribution of continental air pollution to the North Atlantic Ocean. 

Airbus Industries is staking its plans on the assumption that the market now exists for 1,300 aircraft that can each seat 550 to 650 passengers. Their marketing experts point to the heavily traveled North Atlantic route, particularly that between New York and London, as well as several high-density routes in the Asia-Pacific region as evidence for this new market and are assuming a steady 5 percent growth in... 

Similar information on temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity and density has been published for the Northern North Atlantic , and in more detail for the seas around the British Islesthe latter also includes hydro-graphic data on the contents of dissolved metals (Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Hg, Mn) and nutrient cations (phosphate, nitrate). 

Dietrich, G., Atlas of the Hydrography of the Northern North Atlantic, Pub. Conseil International Power I Exploration de la Mer. Service Hydrographique, Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark (1969)... 

Fig. 1. Major oceanographic features 1. Canary Current, 2. Gulf Stream, 3. North Atlantic Current, 4. Sargasso Sea, 5. North Atlantic Gyre, 6. Labrador Current, 7. Loop Current, 8. North Pacific Gyre, 9. South Equatorial Current, 10. Benguela Current, 11. Humboldt Current, 12. Antilles Current, 13. Florida Current, 14. Brazil Current, 15. Kuroshio, 16. Antarctic West Wind Drift.

The first reports of plastic in the North Atlantic indicated the presence of 50-12,000 particles/km in the Sargasso Sea in 1972 (52) and from 0-14.1 particles per m in coastal waters of southern New England (42), where the main source was river-borne effluents from plastic fabrication plants (44). Plastic objects discarded from boats and from recreational activities on beaches were the main sources of debris in Narragansett Bay, being deposited at a rate of 9.6 g m of beach front per month (53). During a detailed survey off the southeast coast of the United States (43, 54), fragments of plastic were present in about 70% of the samples collected from the waters of the continental shelf, the continental slope and the Gulf Stream between Florida and Cape Cod, 50% of those from the Caribbean Sea, and 60% of those from the Antilles Current. Since unprocessed plastic was more prevalent in continental shelf waters and fabricated objects were common offshore but rare near land, the authors surmised... 

Laine, E. P. (1980). New evidence from beneath the western North Atlantic for the depth of glacial erosion in Greenland and North America. Quatern. Res. 14,188-198. 

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