Fuels and feedstocks

Feedstocks. A separate breakdown between fuels and feedstocks (qv) for the chemical industry (2) shows that the quantity of hydrocarbons (qv) used direcdy for feedstock is about as great as that used for fuel (see Fuels, synthetic Gasoline and other motor fuels). Much of this feedstock is oxidized accompanied by the release of heat, and in many processes, by-product energy from feedstock oxidation dominates purchased fuel and electricity. A classic example is the manufacture of nitric acid (qv) [7697-37-2] HNO. Ammonia (qv) [7664-41-7] burned in air on a catalyst at a pressure... 

Converting Heat to Work. There has been a historic bias in the chemical industry to think of energy use in terms of fuel and steam (qv) systems. A more fundamental approach is to minimise the input of work potential embedded in the fuel and feedstock, as well as work purchased direcdy as electricity. Steam is really just a medium of exchange, like money in an economy. 

The castor plant is widely considered to be a nuisance plant, because it proliferates rapidly in poor, depleted soils that cannot sustain other more important commercial crops. It spreads quickly as a weed, and in some places has been listed as an intrusive species to be eliminated [51, 52]. Nevertheless, in recent years the industrial volume of castor oil has increased dramatically, driven primarily by the global interest in renewable resources for fuel and feedstocks as an alternative to petrochemicals. The majority of the volume growth has come from the Asian continent, primarily from India, where the castor plant is harvested commercially [53]. In addition to its direct use in pol3mrethane products, the oil and its components have been the focus of innovative new derivatization strategies to improve their properties for use in plastics, while retaining high levels of renewable content in the final products. These developments will be described in Section 4.5. 

The SFA Quarterly Report, SFA Quarterly Fuels and Feedstock Program, SFA Pacific Inc., Mountain View, Calif., Nov. 1994. 

Texas lignite to generate MBG which would be piped to the Houston area for fuel and feedstock use. These studies have included the testing of Texas lignite in commercial gasification units located abroad. 

In the theoretical limit, any amount of exergy contained in one or more given feed streams (call them fuels and feedstocks) could be completely transferred or transformed to any other commodities (call them products). For example, the exergy transported in with Feeds 1 and 2, P + in Figure 1, in theory could be completely delivered—by transformation of Feeds 1 and/or 2 into Product A, yielding P, and by transfer of exergy to stream B... 

CH4 used as a fuel and feedstock H2 used as a fuel H2 produced... 

By using more of the high temperature heat available in the flue gas and reaction products, the fired duty required can be decreased by a significant fraction as compared with the more conventional arrangements. Such concepts are not necessarily new but they have become more interesting as the cost of fuel and feedstock have escalated. 

These studies have dealt with materials suitable for fuel and feedstocks, the process for converting these materials to carbon black with predictable properties, the techniques for measuring and defining those properties, a better understanding of the effects of those carbon black properties on processing parameters of compounded goods, and the predictability of the performance properties of finished rubber goods. This presentation briefly considers the status of each of these areas of study relative to today s carbon blacks and tomorrow s rubber products. 

Shale oil is of special interest here because of its comparatively high hydrogen content, similar to that for petroleum and about twice that in coal. This feature is especially attractive for conversion to fuels and feedstocks. A short but comprehensive review of the huge oil shale potential in the United States is given in Ref. 1 it notes some of the... 

The many possibilities for expanding agricultural waste biomass usage in the United States as fuel and feedstock are apparent from the data in Table... 

Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Feedstocks An Overview of R D Activities Funded by the Department of Energy... 

Natural gas is of crucial importance to Southeast Asia for both fuel and feedstock uses. The interest has become particularly intense since 1980. The countries that have gas supplies are developing them for both purposes as well as for export in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG) [73]. 

The environment in chemical tanks is amongst the severest to which marine coatings are subjected. Each tank may have to transport some 1500 bulk, liquid cargoes that include crude oil, refined gasoline, aviation spirit, diesel oil, solvents, vegetable oils, or wine. Inorganic cargoes are also carried in solution (e.g., alkalis and acids). New demands also appear such as methanol as a fuel and feedstock, and methyl rert-butyl ether as an additive for lead-free petrol. 

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