Naphtha, petroleum

Petroleum is the mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons (although the term is often restricted to the non-gases) derived from chemical reactions on prehistoric animal and vegetable matter which occurs as reservoirs in sedimentary rocks from which it is extracted. Petroleum (8002-05-9) syn. crude oil or petroleum oil also contains inorganics such as compounds of sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, metals, etc. 

Natural gas (8006-14-2) is the gaseous component of petroleum. It is mostly methane with some ethane and smaller quantities of propane, butane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, helium, and other gases. It is distributed in commerce as compressed or liquefied natural gas (LNG) for fuel and other purposes. 

Crude oil is processed in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, alkylation, polymerization, and other methods to generate gases, distillates, residuum, and sludges from which an enormous number of petroleum products 

The author was unable to find a reference for why an oil well sampling device might be charged with a compressed or liquefied gas. 

In addition to natural gas a number of gases are associated with petroleum  

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Table 8 shows that the naphthas produced by the EDS process have higher concentrations of cycloparaffins and phenols than do petroleum-derived naphthas, whereas the normal paraffins are present in much lower concentrations. The sulfur and nitrogen concentrations in coal naphthas are high compared to those in petroleum naphthas. 

The naphtha fraction is dorninated by saturates having lesser amounts of mono- and diaromatics (Table 2, Eig. 4). Whereas naphtha (ibp to 210°C) covers the boiling range of gasoline, most raw petroleum naphtha molecules have a low octane number and most raw naphtha is processed further, to be combined with other process naphthas and additives to formulate commercial gasoline. 

Solvent Treatment. Solvent processes can be divided into two main categories, solvent extraction and solvent dewaxing. The solvent used in the extraction processes include propane and cresyHc acid, 2,2 -dichlorodiethyl ether, phenol (qv), furfural, sulfur dioxide, benzene, and nitrobenzene. In the dewaxing process (28), the principal solvents are benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, propane, petroleum naphtha, ethylene dichloride, methylene chloride, sulfur dioxide, and iV-methylpyrroHdinone. 

Solvents. Petroleum naphtha is a generic term appHed to refined, pardy refined, or unrefined petroleum products. Naphthas are prepared by any of several methods, including fractionation of distillates or even cmde petroleum, solvent extraction, hydrocracking of distillates, polymerization of unsaturated (olefinic) compounds, and alkylation processes. Naphtha can also be a combination of product streams from more than one of these processes. 

The main uses of petroleum naphtha fall into the general areas of solvents (diluents) for paints, etc, dry-cleaning solvents, solvents for cutback asphalt, solvents in mbber industry, and solvents for industrial extraction processes. Turpentine, the older, more conventional solvent for paints, has been almost completely replaced by the cheaper and more abundant petroleum naphtha. 

Anhydrous stannous chloride, a water-soluble white soHd, is the most economical source of stannous tin and is especially important in redox and plating reactions. Preparation of the anhydrous salt may be by direct reaction of chlorine and molten tin, heating tin in hydrogen chloride gas, or reducing stannic chloride solution with tin metal, followed by dehydration. It is soluble in a number of organic solvents (g/100 g solvent at 23°C) acetone 42.7, ethyl alcohol 54.4, methyl isobutyl carbinol 10.45, isopropyl alcohol 9.61, methyl ethyl ketone 9.43 isoamyl acetate 3.76, diethyl ether 0.49, and mineral spirits 0.03 it is insoluble in petroleum naphtha and xylene (2). 

Another nonsynthetic source for cyclohexane is natural gasoline and petroleum naphtha. However, only a small amount is obtained from this source. The 1994 U.S. production of cyclohexane was approximately 2.1 billion pounds (the 45th highest chemical volume). 

Sorenson patented an expl suitable for blasting operations which contained AN 100, Mn dioxide 15, petroleum naphtha 6, rosin 15, paraffin 6, potato flour 8, Al 30, and NG 100 pts Ref E. Sorenson, USP 1709498 (1929)... 

It has also been proposed to inject a solvent [454], for example, jet fuel, petroleum naphtha, aromatic hydrocarbons, or naphthenic hydrocarbons, before injecting the surfactant solution. 

Thiophene (C4H4S) is representative of the organic sulfur compounds that are hydrogenated in the commercial hyditodesulfurization of petroleum naphtha. Estimate both the combined and effective diflfusivities for thiophene in hydrogen at 660 °K and 3.04 MPa in a catalyst with a BET surface area of 168 m2/g, a porosity of 0.40, and an apparent pellet density of 1.40 g/cm3. A narrow pore sized distribution... 

Hall (3) An early process for making aromatic hydrocarbons by thermally cracking petroleum naphtha. See also Rittman. 

Pure -hexane is used in laboratories. Most of the -hexane used in industry is mixed with similar chemicals in products known as solvents. Common names for some of these solvents are commercial hexane, mixed hexanes, petroleum ether, and petroleum naphtha. An older... 

Ligroine (ligroin) a saturated petroleum naphtha boiling in the range 20 to 135°C (68 to 275°F) and suitable for general use as a solvent also called benzine or petroleum ether. 

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), resin acid (RA) from esterified tall oil (FAME, RA and free fatty acid) NaX Petroleum naphtha [181]... 

The production ofp-xylene begins with petroleum naphtha, as does the production of the other mixed xylene components, benzene and toluene. Naphtha is chemically transformed to the desired petrochemical components and the individual components are recovered at required purity in what is known in the industry as an aromatics complex [12]. A generic aromatics complex flow scheme is shown in Figure 7.2. It is useful to briefly review the general flow scheme of this complex for subsequent discussion of the liquid adsorptive processes. The process blocks... 

Soluble in alcohol, ether (Weast, 1986), and petroleum naphtha (Hawley, 1981)... 

Uses Solvent rubber and paper industries calibrations azeotropic distillations occurs in gasoline and petroleum naphtha organic synthesis. 

Coal tar naphtha is primarily a mixture of toluene, xylene, cumene, benzene, and other aromatic hydrocarbons it is distinguished from petroleum naphtha, which is comprised mainly of aliphatic hydrocarbons. ... 

Wilson WF Toxicology of petroleum naphtha distillate vapors. 7 Occup Med 18 821, 1976... 

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