Automatic procedure

The manual method may be automated according to the principles described in Chapter 10, The manifold required (Fig 26-2) is simple, since only one reagent is to be added. The mixed reagent and the wash water should be protected from the atmosphere with a concentrated sulphuric acid trap. Air used for segmentation, likewise, should be scrubbed free of ammonia before entering the system. The cups used for the automatic sampler should be rinsed three to four times, either with the sample, if sufficient amounts are available, or with distilled water. A sample-wash interval of 2 min is sufficient for baseline resolution. 

The fluorimeter is set to 340 nm excitation and 420 nm emission wavelengths for monochromator instruments. For filter instruments the corresponding filters are used. In this case the excitation filter should be a narrow band pass filter ( 10 nm), while on the emission side a cut-off filter ( 420nm) may be used. The fluorimeter output is fed to a linear mV recorder, a data logger, or any other signal processing system. The peak heights are proportional 

Mixed reagent It should be made up daily as follows. To lOOOmL of sodium borate buffer add 5 mL of o-phthalaldehyde stock solution followed by 1 mL of mercaptoethanol. After allowing to stand for a few minutes the reagent is ready for use. 

A from sampling site B to mixing block, reaction coil, fluorimeter C from fluorimeter 

Measurements of discrete water samples suffer the disadvantage that the measured peak heights depend upon the baseline level of the wash water. At low natural concentrations the purity of the wash water thus becomes a considerable problem. A continuous technique has been developed, therefore, which avoids all possible sources of contamination during sampling and transfer (see Fig. 26-3). This modification again is calibrated with dilutions of the glydne stock standard that are pumped instead of the sample. 

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Consequently, analysts must take a skeptical view of rectification results. The detection and isolation methods are computationally intensive and better suited for automatic procedures. SiiTuuation stud-... 

Hamilton, P. B., Ion exchange chromatography of amino acids. A single column, high resolving, fully automatic procedure, Anal. Chem., 35, 2055, 1963. 

The pH (or pI) term of the Nemst equation contains the electrode slope factor as a linear temperature relationship. This means that a pH determination requires the instantaneous input, either manual or automatic, of the prevailing temperature value into the potentiometer. In the manual procedure the temperature compensation knob is previously set on the actual value. In the automatic procedure the adjustment is permanently achieved in direct connection with a temperature probe immersed in the solution close to the indicator electrode the probe usually consists of a Pt or Ni resistance thermometer or a thermistor normally based on an NTC resistor. An interesting development in 1980 was the Orion Model 611 pH meter, in which the pH electrode itself is used to sense the solution temperature (see below). 

We are therefore developing a set of routines for an automatic or semiautomatic abundance analysis of stellar spectra based on equivalent widths (EW). The first product is DAOSPEC, a code developed by P. B. Stetson for automatic EW measurement (http //cadcwww.hia.nrc. ca/stetson/daospec/). The preliminary abundance analysis presented here is the first step of an iterative and automatic procedure under development at the Bologna Observatory. 

Radial velocities were measured by cross-correlation, using a synthetic spectrum as template. Individual spectra were shifted to rest wavelength and coadded. Effective temperatures were derived from the (V — I)o colours by means of the Alonso calibration [8], We assumed log g = 2.0 for all stars (estimated from isochrones) and with these parameters we fed the spectra to our automatic procedure for the determination of abundances [9], We found that the S/N ratio was too low to be able to determine reliably the microturbulent velocities, the weak Fe I lines could not be measured on many spectra. This resulted in a marked dependence of derived abundances on microturbulent velocities. It is well known that microturbulence is not a truly independent parameter but correlates with surface gravity and, more mildly also with effective temperature. By considering the large sample of stars studied by [10] one can be convinced that for all stars with 1.5 < logg < 3.0 (20 stars) there is no marked dependence from either Tefi or log g, and the mean value of the microturbulent velocity is 1.6 kms 1. For this reason we fixed the microturbulent velocity at 1.6 kms-1. 

A study of residual analysis of thirty pesticides and their transformation products was based on SPE on-line with HPLC-UVD or post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde (73) and fluorescence detection (FLD), according to EPA method 531.1 and others. The method allowed determination of many pesticides in river and well waters at 0.01 to 0.5 -ig/L levels195. An automatized procedure was proposed for determination... 

Electron crystallography of textured samples can benefit from the introduction of automatic or semi-automatic pattern indexing methods for the reconstruction of the three-dimensional reciprocal lattice from two-dimensional data and fitting procedures to model the observed diffraction pattern. Such automatic procedures had not been developed previously, but it is the purpose of this study to develop them now. All these features can contribute to extending the limits of traditional applications such as identification procedures, structure determination etc. 

The automatic procedure for reference spectra generation was first demonstrated for the start-up of a homogeneous catalyzed rhodium hydroformylation of cyclo-octene using Rh4(CO)i2 as precursor, n-hexane as solvent and FTIR as the in situ spectroscopy at 298 K [63]. The first n spectra were (i) empty spectrometer compartment (background), (ii) n-hexane at 0.2 MPa in a high pressure thermostatically controlled cell fitted with Cap2 windows (iii) system equilibrated with 2.0 MPa CO, (iv) system upon addition of cyclo-octene, and (v) system upon addition of Rh4(CO)i2. The n=l reference spectrum, which contained atmospheric... 

For the most recent LC-MS on the market, an automatic procedure is included in the software package to tune and calibrate in the ESI mode. However, older instruments and/or very specific applications still require manual or semiautomatic procedures to optimize the parameters that affect ion detection. In an LC-MS instrument, the mass spectrometer is tuned and calibrated in three steps (1) ion source and transmission optimization, (2) MS calibration, and (3) fine tuning (detection maximization of one or more particular ions). 

The black box situation of SCF applications has not yet been reached for the multiconfigurational SCF theory. This constitutes a major problem, since MCSCF is a much better starting point for quantum chemical calculations on many interesting chemical problems (a good example is studies of transition states for chemical reactions). A development towards more automatized procedures can consequently be expectedto take place in MCSCF theory too. 

Conformational isomers represent minima on an energy surface, and all structures and the corresponding strain energies can be obtained by a careful analysis. This can be performed manually (such as in Sections 17.3 and 17.4) or automatically. An automatic procedure may involve a systematic search (grid search methods), a stochastic search (e.g., torsional Monte Carlo or cartesian stochastic, i.e., the random kick method) or molecular dynamics (see Chapter 5 and Section 16.5). Implemented in MOMEC is a random kick stochastic search module, and this has been shown to lead to excellent results, not only for conformational equilibria, but also for distributions of configurational isomers[37]. 

The simplest problem concerns only one pi term. The complexity of the analysis increases rapidly with increasing number of pi terms because then the choice of the experimental plan related to the proposed relationship for the dimensionless pi groups cannot be solved by an automatic procedure. 

In the Project Explorer window you will see a hierarchy "tree" with a node for each open workbook. In the example illustrated in Figure 13-3, a new workbook. Workbooks, has been opened. The node for Workbooks has a node (a folder icon) labeled Microsoft Excel Objects click on the folder icon to display the nodes it contains — an icon for each sheet in the workbook and an additional one labeled ThisWorkbook. If you double-click on any one of these nodes you will display the code sheet for it, but these code sheets are for a special type of procedure called an automatic procedure (see Chapter 18). 

If you create a macro to be used by other people, you can make it easy for them to use the macro by installing a custom menu command. As well, you can install the new menu command by means of an automatic procedure, so that all the users have to do is open the macro document. There are two ways you create an automatic procedure by creating an Auto Open macro in a module sheet, or by creating a Workbook Open event procedure. These are described in the sections that follow. 

Event-handler procedures were introduced in Excel 97 they can be used in Excel 97 or Excel 2000. Event-handler procedures provide more versatility than the automatic procedures provided with Excel 5/95. 

From the preceding examples it should be clear that you can create automatic procedures that install a menu command when a particular workbook is opened and remove the menu command when that workbook is closed (using the Workbook BeforeClose event procedure). Or you can install a command when a particular worksheet is activated and remove it when that worksheet is deactivated. 

In considering the introduction of new test methods, it has been necessary for the USP to recognize the appropriateness of automating compendial assays and tests. The Committee of Revision prefers to adopt automatable procedures, especially for multiple-unit specimens such as those arising from dissolution or content uniformity requirements. Thus, since the publication of the USP XVIII in 1970, the General Notices to the... 

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