Petroleum heavy

In the other market areas, lead naphthenates are used on a limited basis in extreme pressure additives for lubricating oils and greases. Sodium and potassium naphthenates are used in emulsiftable oils, where they have the advantage over fatty acid soaps of having improved disinfectant properties. Catalyst uses include cobalt naphthenate as a cross-linking catalyst in adhesives (52) and manganese naphthenate as an oxidation catalyst (35). Metal naphthenates are also being used in the hydroconversion of heavy petroleum fractions (53,54) and bitumens (55). 

J. A. Green and co- Heavy Oils Method Development and Application to Cerro Negro Heavy Petroleum, NIPER-452 (DE90000200, 2... 

K. H. Algelt and M. M. Bodus2ynski, Composition and Analyses of Heavy Petroleum Fractions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1994. 

Rubbers. Plasticizers have been used in mbber processing and formulations for many years (8), although phthaHc and adipic esters have found Htde use since cheaper alternatives, eg, heavy petroleum oils, coal tars, and other predominandy hydrocarbon products, are available for many types of mbber. Esters, eg, DOA, DOP, and DOS, can be used with latex mbber to produce large reductions in T. It has been noted (9) that the more polar elastomers such as nitrile mbber and chloroprene are insufficiendy compatible with hydrocarbons and requite a more specialized type of plasticizer, eg, a phthalate or adipate ester. Approximately 50% of nitrile mbber used in Western Europe is plasticized at 10—15 phr (a total of 5000—6000 t/yr), and 25% of chloroprene at ca 10 phr (ca 2000 t/yr) is plasticized. Usage in other elastomers is very low although may increase due to toxicological concerns over polynuclear aromatic compounds (9). 

Thermal Cracking. Heavy petroleum fractions such as resid are thermally cracked in delayed cokers or flexicokers (44,56,57). The main products from the process are petroleum coke and off-gas which contain light olefins and butylenes. This stream also contains a considerable amount of butane. Process conditions for the flexicoker are more severe than for the delayed coker, about 550°C versus 450°C. Both are operated at low pressures, around 300—600 kPa (43—87 psi). Flexicokers produce much more linear butenes, particularly 2-butene, than delayed cokers and about half the amount of isobutylene (Table 7). This is attributed to high severity of operation for the flexicoker (43). 

Deep C t lytic Crocking. This process is a variation of fluid catalytic cracking. It uses heavy petroleum fractions, such as heavy vacuum gas oil, to produce propylene- and butylene-rich gaseous products and an aromatic-rich Hquid product. The Hquid product contains predorninantiy ben2ene, toluene, and xylene (see BTX processing). This process is being developed by SINOPEC in China (42,73). SINOPEC is currentiy converting one of its fluid catalytic units into a demonstration unit with a capacity of 60,000 t/yr of vacuum gas oil feedstock. 

ASTM [vacuum, often 10 torr (1.3 kPa)] ASTM D 1160 Heavy petroleum fractions or products that tend to decompose in the ASTM D 86 test but can be partially or completely vaporized at a maximiim liquid temperature of 750°F (400°C) at pressures down to 1 torr (0.13 kPa)... 

Three-phase fluidized bed reactors are used for the treatment of heavy petroleum fractions at 350 to 600°C (662 to 1,112°F) and 200 atm (2,940 psi). A biological treatment process (Dorr-Oliver Hy-Flo) employs a vertical column filled with sand on which bacderial growth takes place while waste liquid and air are charged. A large interfacial area for reaction is provided, about 33 cmVcm (84 inVirr), so that an 85 to 90 percent BOD removal in 15 min is claimed compared with 6 to 8 h in conventional units. 

Emulsion cleaners These are emulsified chlorinated solvents and are kerosene based, suitable for mineral oils (petroleum and heavy petroleum greases) and deep-drawn components, using lead compounds as lubricants. They are also suitable for non-ferrous metals. 

The pure oil is completely soluble in 2 volunn i of 80 per / em. alcohol, and Dsually in d to 4 uilomos of TO per oer.t. alcohol. The solu. bdity Is impaired by most ailulieiiiins, siioli as coloplionv. heavy petroleum oil or gnrjiin oil. 

There are different sources for obtaining synthesis gas. It can be produced by steam reforming or partial oxidation of any hydrocarbon ranging from natural gas (methane) to heavy petroleum residues. It can also... 

Van Driesen and Stewart (V4) have reported temperature measurements for various locations in commercial gas-liquid fluidized reactors for the large-scale catalytic desulfurization and hydrocracking of heavy petroleum fractions (2500 barrels per day capacity). The hydrogenation was carried out in two stages the maximum and minimum temperatures measured were 774° and 778°F for the first stage and 768° and 770°F for the second. These results indicate that gas-liquid fluidized reactors are characterized by a high effective thermal conductivity. 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

The production of coke from coal is an important activity in the ferrous metallurgical industries. While coal serves as the principal source for coke, a second source, namely, heavy petroleum fractions, is especially important for countries which have large petroleum resources and lack coal deposits. The properties of metallurgical coke are listed in Table 1.29. 

Composition and Analysis of Heavy Petroleum Fractions, Klaus H. Altgelt and Mieczyslaw M. Boduszynski... 

Kohler, M. Genz, I.-L. Schicht, B., and Eckart, V., Microbial Desulfurization of Petroleum and Heavy Petroleum Fractions. 4. Anaerobic Degradation of Organic Sulfur Compounds. Zentralbl. Mikrobiol., 1984. 139 pp. 239-247. 

Airlift Thermofor Catalytic Cracking Also called Airlift TCC. A continuous catalytic process for converting heavy petroleum fractions to lighter ones. The catalyst granules are moved continuously by a stream of air. Developed by Mobil Oil Corp., United States, and first operated in 1950. See also Thermofor. 

ART [Asphalt Residuum Treating] A process for converting heavy petroleum fractions into more easily processed liquid fractions. Developed by Engelhard Corp. and offered by the MW Kellogg Co. Three units were operating in 1996. 

Burton The first commercial process for thermally cracking heavy petroleum fractions to obtain gasoline. Invented in 1912 by W. M. Burton at Standard Oil (Indiana) and operated commercially from 1913 through the 1920s. See also Dubbs. 

DCC [Deep catalytic cracking] A general term for processes which convert heavy petroleum feedstocks and residues to hght hydrocarbons. One such process, for making C3-C5 olefins, was developed by the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, China, and licensed through Stone Webster. Five units were operating in China in 1997. 

Demex [Demetallization by extraction] A process for removing metal compounds from heavy petroleum fractions, after vacuum distillation, by solvent extraction and supercritical solvent recovery. The solvent is typically a mixture of octanes and pentanes. Developed jointly by UOP and the Institute Mexicano del Petroleo seven units were operating in 1988. Hydrocarbon Process., 1988, 67(9), 66. 

Endewax [National Chemical dewaxing] A process for dewaxing heavy petroleum fractions by treatment with a catalyst which converts the long-chain hydrocarbons to shorter ones. The catalyst is a ZSM-5 -type zeolite in which some of the aluminum has been replaced by iron. Developed by the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India, and piloted in 1991. 

Petrogas A thermal cracking process for converting heavy petroleum fractions to fuel gas. Developed by Gasco. 

RCD Unibon [Reduced crude desulfurization] Also known as the Black oil conversion process (BOC). A process for removing organic sulfur-, nitrogen-, and metal-compounds from heavy petroleum fractions. Different catalysts are used for different oils. Developed and licensed by UOP. 

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