Solvents petroleum

Petroleum solvents are relatively light petroleum cuts, in the C4 to C14 range, and have numerous applications in industry and agriculture. Their use is often related to their tendency to evaporate consequently, they are classified as a function of their boiling points. 

Petroleum solvents, or solvent naphthas, are grouped in four categories ... 

Independently from the uses reviewed here, a few other applications of petroleum solvents are given below ... 

Odor is of prime importance because a petroleum solvent is often used in closed rooms moreover, the idea of odor is tied instinctively in the public image to toxicity. Odor is a function of the solvent s composition and volatility. Generally, the paraffin hydrocarbons are less odorous while the aromatics are more so. 

Petroleum solvents are very flammable and can cause an explosion in the presence of air. For this reason, their flash points, directiy related to volatility, are always specified. 

Naphthas constitute a special category of petroleum solvents whose boiling points correspond to the class of white-spirits (see paragraph 6.1). 

They are classified apart in this text because their use differs from that of petroleum solvents they are used as raw materials for petrochemicals, particularly as feeds to steam crackers. Naphthas are thus industrial intermediates and not consumer products. Consequently, naphthas are not subject to governmental specifications, but only to commercial specifications that are re-negotiated for each contract. Nevertheless, naphthas are in a relatively homogeneous class and represent a large enough tonnage so that the best known properties to be highlighted here. 

Many older finishes can be removed with single solvents or blends of petroleum solvents and oxygenates. Varnish can be removed with mineral spirits, shellac can be stripped with alcohols, and lacquers can be removed with blends of acetates and alcohols (lacquer thinners). The removal mechanism is one of dissolving the coating, then washing the surface or wiping away the finish. This method is often used to reamalgamate or liquefy old finishes on antique items of furniture. 

In petroleum and oxygenate finish removers, the major ingredient is normally acetone, methyl ethyl ketone [78-93-3], or toluene. Cosolvents include methanol, / -butanol [71-36-3], j -butyl alcohol [78-92-2], or xylene [1330-20-7]. Sodium hydroxide or amines are used to activate the remover. Paraffin wax is used as an evaporation retarder though its effectiveness is limited because it is highly soluble in the petroleum solvents. CeUulose thickeners are sometimes added to liquid formulas to assist in pulling the paraffin wax from the liquid to form a vapor barrier or to make a thick formula. Corrosion inhibitors are added to stabili2e tbe formula for packaging (qv). 

Solvents. Petroleum naphtha is a generic term appHed to refined, pardy refined, or unrefined petroleum products. Naphthas are prepared by any of several methods, including fractionation of distillates or even cmde petroleum, solvent extraction, hydrocracking of distillates, polymerization of unsaturated (olefinic) compounds, and alkylation processes. Naphtha can also be a combination of product streams from more than one of these processes. 

Phthalocyanine Blues. a-Copper phthalocyanine blue is a reddish species used primarily in coatings and plastics. Several varieties are marketed. The basic form, the unstable Pigment Blue 15 [147-14-8] (Cl 74160), is used in water-based paints, paints containing weak petroleum solvents, and in certain plastics, eg, PVC, that require mild processing conditions. 

Handling in solution (e.g. aluminium alkyls in petroleum solvents). 

Dry cleaning - Several solvents exist to replace the ozone-depleting solvents that have traditionally been used by the dry cleaning industry. Perchloroethylene has been used for more than three decades. Petroleum solvents, while flammable, can be safely used when appropriate safety precautions are taken. They include white spirit, Stoddard solvent, hydrocarbon solvents, isoparaffins, and n-paraffin. A... 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Petroleum solvent Chemical Formula Not applicable. Observable Characteristics - Physical State (as shipped) Liquid Color. Colorless Odor Like gasoline and kerosene. 

Temporary corrosion preventives are products designed for the short-term protection of metal surfaces. They are easily removable, if necessary, by petroleum solvents or by other means such as wiping or alkaline stripping. Some products for use in internal machine parts are miscible and compatible with the eventual service lubricant, and do not, therefore, need to be removed. 

There are many temporary protectives on the market and it would be impracticable to describe them individually. However, they may be classified according to the type of film formed, i.e. soft film, hard film and oil film the soft film may be further sub-divided into solvent-deposited thin film, hot-dip thick film, smearing and slushing types. All these types are removable with common petroleum solvents. There are also strippable types based on plastics (deposited by hot dipping or from solvents) or rubber latex (deposited from emulsions) these do not adhere to the metal surfaces and are removed by peeling. In addition there are volatile corrosion inhibitors (V.C.I.) consisting of substances, the vapour from which inhibits corrosion of ferrous metals. 

Dining the blending of the two insecticides (endrin is a halogenated polycyclic epoxide) into a petroleum solvent, an unexpected exothermic reaction occurred which vaporised some solvent and led to a vapour-air explosion. Faulty agitation was suspected. 

Petroleum solvents (also called naphtha) are valuable because of their good dissolving power. The wide range of naphtha available and the varying degree of volatility possible offer products suitable for many uses. 

The petroleum ether solvents are a specific-boiling-range naphtha, as is ligroin. Thus, the term petroleum solvent describes a special liquid hydrocarbon fraction obtained from naphtha and used in industrial processes and formulations (Weissermel and Arpe, 1978). These fractions are also referred to as industrial naphtha. Other solvents include white spirit, which is subdivided into industrial spirit [distilling between 30 and 200°C (86 to 392°F)] and white spirit [light oil with a distillation range of 135 to 200°C (275 to 392°F)]. The special value of naphtha as a solvent lies in its stability and purity. 

Miscible with aromatic hydrocarbons, ethanol, ethyl acetate, linseed oil, and petroleum solvents (Windholz et al, 1983)... 

Organic solvent(s) Partition coefficients Miscible with other petroleum solvents No data No data No data No data No data... 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Criteria for a Recommended Standard. .. Occupational Exposure to Refined Petroleum Solvents. DHEW (NIOSH) Pub No 77-192. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1977... 

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