Monitoring and control

All drilling activity will be carried out by the drill crew which usually works eight or twelve hour shifts. The driller and assistant driller will man the drilling console on the rig floor from where instrumentation will enable them to monitor and control the drilling parameters, specifically ... 

Product quality specification Contractual agreements Capacity and availability Concurrent operations Monitoring and control Testing metering Standardisation Flaring and venting Waste disposal Utilities systems... 

Monitoring and control of the production process will be performed by a combination of instrumentation and control equipment plus manual involvement. The level of sophistication of the systems can vary considerably. For example, monitoring well performance can be done in a simple fashion by sending a man to write down and report the tubing head pressures of producing wells on a daily basis, or at the other extreme by using computer assisted operations (CAO) which uses a remote computer-based system to control production on a well by well basis with no physical presence at the wellhead. 

By providing more accurate monitoring and control of the production operations, CAO is now proven to provide benefits such as ... 

To operate the MPI or LPI equipment at stable and reprodncable inspection conditions modern units are equipped with a monitoring and control system called "Quality Assurance Package" (termed QAP). The QAP System is ba.sed on an industrial PC with a bus system and field sensors. It ensures that process parameters important for the reproducability of the MPI or LPI are controlled an held between defined limits by a central computer system. It can be adapted to any old system, as well as integrated into new systems. 

J. E. Griffiths, ed.. Monitoring and Control of Plasma-Enhanced Processing of Semiconductors, SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering,... 

Most sulfonation plants monitor and control operations by computer. Sulfur-buming catalytic SO -generating equipment may require a 1—2 h stabilization period on startup. The unit can be kept in a standby position by maintaining heat to the unit when it is off-line. Liquid SO -based sulfonation plants do not require such a stabilization period and hence are more flexible to operate than sulfur-buming sulfonation plants. 

In most ores, sufficient Fe is already present. For some ores, it is necessary to add metallic iron. In practice, the oxidation potential of the solution can be monitored and controlled using the Fe /Fe ratio. Very high leaching efficiencies with H2SO ate common, eg, 95—98% dissolution yield of uranium (39). If acid consumption exceeds 68 kg/1 of ore treated, alkaline leaching is preferred. The comparative costs of acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate differ widely in different areas and are the determining factor. 

Sensors. One growth area for electronic ceramics is in sensor appHcations. Sensors (qv) are devices that transform nonelectrical inputs into electrical outputs, thus providing environmental feedback. Smart, or intelligent, sensors also allow for mechanisms such as self-diagnosis, recovery, and adjustment for process monitoring and control (see Process control). 

The second area, the implementation of a modem process monitoring and control system, is the most dramatic current appHcation of CAD/CAM technology to the chemical process industry. The state of the art is the use of computer graphics to display the process flow diagram for sections of the process, current operating conditions, and controUer-set points. The process operator can interact directly with the control algorithms through the... 

The process monitors and controllers typically also have the capabiUty for data logging, analysis, and display. This capabiUty has made on-line control of pilot plants, as well as commercial-scale processes, desirable. Pilot-plant appHcations for on-line control have been described (106), and the use of such systems for both monitoring and process diagnosis has been discussed (107). A number of commercially available process control programs that mn on microprocessors have been reviewed (108). Virtually all of them incorporate graphic display as an integral part of the interactive capabiUty of the program. 

The creation and analysis of process flow sheets has become much easier because of the availabihty of automated systems to draw and revise them. The goal of the use of the flow sheet as the input for process simulation and for process control is likely to be achieved reasonably soon. The use of interactive graphic displays for process monitoring and control is pervasive today. 

Monitoring and Control. Detailed descriptions of methods used for handling and monitoring tritium at Savaimah River (76,77) and the European Tritium Handling Program (78) have been pubHshed. 

A number of composition analyzers used for process monitoring and control require chemical conversion of one or more sample components preceding quantitative measurement. These reactions include... 

Material solidifies Monitor and control temperature in feed system or is too viscous, Heat trace and/or insulate lines and plugs lines. Potential for proper line break procedures exposure while Use personal protective equipment (PPE) correcting, proper lockout-tagout and confined space problem. entry procedures CCPS G-23 CCPS G-29 Fisher 1990... 

Bossart, C. J. 1974. Monitoring and Control of Combustible Gas Concentration Below the Eower Explosive Eimit. 20th Analysis Instrumentation Symposium. May 1974. Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 

While all these paramclcrs are extremely essential for a process line, with the R D in the field these limitations have been overcome with the use of phasor controls. To implement the.se controls different manufacturers have tidopled different control and feedback systems to monitor and control the torque and field components. They have also given these controls different trade names. The basic technological concept remains the same but process implementation may vary from one manufacturer to another. Below we attempt to identify the more common phasor controls introduced by a few leading manufacturers. 

With different approaches to monitor and control the basic parameters of the motor, i.c. 4, /, and sin 6, many tnorc alternatives arc possible to achieve the required speed variation in an a.c. machine. Control of these parameters by the use of an encoder can provide an accuracy in speed control as good as a d.c. machine and even better. 

With this technology it is now possible to achieve extremely accurate speed control of the order of 0.01 % to 0.001 %. To achieve such high accuracy in speed control, closed-loop feedback control systems and microprocessor-based control logistics can be introduced into the inverter control scheme to sense, monitor and control the variable parameters of the motor to very precise limits. 

The total engineering of such a system will first require a thorough study of the process, dividing this process into various activities and then monitoring and controlling each activity through these controls to achieve the required process operation. 

Before the finished sheet is finally cut into lengths as required or rolled into recoilers its exit speed and tension is monitored and controlled again by bridle no. 4, driven by motors M15 and... 

Control and relay panel (which may be microprocessor based), to record, display, monitor and control the generated power, voltage and frequency and also detect fault conditions. 

Solid-state microprocessor based these are more sensitive and accurate. They can be made digital to be connected to a computer for remote monitoring and control of the process that the motor is driving. 

A typical relay is shown in Figure 12.29(b). These relays can also be made digital to be connected to a central control system for close monitoring and control of a process. Now they can have much wider application, such as better communication and information feedback facilities, to optimize a process and maximize productivity. For more details refer to Section 13.2.. ) or contact the manufacturers. 

Since the relay is connected in the saine way as a meter is, it can read, calculate, and display all the desired operating paraineters such as, V, , f p.f, kVAr, kW, and kVA as well as kWh, kVArh and maximum demand. The relay can be connected to a computer and transmit all such data to a remote station for further monitoring and control. 

Anodes are connected to the object to be protected or to the transformer-rectifier by insulated conductors that are resistant to mineral oil (e.g., Teflon-coated cable) with a cross-section of 2.5 mm of Cu. The transformer-rectifier must meet the demands according to Ref. 6 and have the capability for monitoring and controlling its operation. The life of the anodes is in every case designed to be at least 15 years. 

The impressed current method with metal oxide-coated niobium anodes is usually employed for internal protection (see Section 7.2.3). In smaller tanks, galvanic anodes of zinc can also be used. Potential control should be provided to avoid unacceptably negative potentials. Pure zinc electrodes serve as monitoring and control electrodes in exposed areas which have to be anodically cleaned in the course of operation. Ag-AgCl electrodes are used to check these reference electrodes. 

Computerized controls allow remote monitoring and control of temperatures, pressures, liquid levels, and fluid flows at three separate locations in the plant. Computer keyboards allow an operator to electronically perform precise processing adjustments from any of the three strategic plant locations. 

Boyce, M.P., and Venema, J., Condition Monitoring and Control Center , Power Gen Europe in Madrid, Spain, June 1997. 

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