Electrical output

Ions of five different m/z values shown entering five elements of a ten-element array. All five ions would be recorded at the same time, with electrical outputs from the elements into which ions had entered and no output from those elements into which no ions had entered. 

Strain-Gauge Load Cells. The majority of industrial scales today use strain-gauge load cells as the weighing element. The strain-gauge load cell is a device which, when a force is appHed to it, gives an electrical output proportional to the appHed load. 

Detection of Bromine Vapor. Bromine vapor in air can be monitored by using an oxidant monitor instmment that sounds an alarm when a certain level is reached. An oxidant monitor operates on an amperometric principle. The bromine oxidizes potassium iodide in solution, producing an electrical output by depolarizing one sensor electrode. Detector tubes, usefiil for determining the level of respiratory protection required, contain (9-toluidine that produces a yellow-orange stain when reacted with bromine. These tubes and sample pumps are available through safety supply companies (54). The usefiil concentration range is 0.2—30 ppm. 

Sensors. One growth area for electronic ceramics is in sensor appHcations. Sensors (qv) are devices that transform nonelectrical inputs into electrical outputs, thus providing environmental feedback. Smart, or intelligent, sensors also allow for mechanisms such as self-diagnosis, recovery, and adjustment for process monitoring and control (see Process control). 

The fuel cell must be cooled with either water or air, and the heat can be converted to electricity in a bottoming cycle. The dc electrical output ot the stack is usually converted to ac and stepped up or down in voltage, depending on the application. Analogous to PAFds, M(iF(i stacks are about 1 nr (10.8 ft") in plan area and quite tall. A stack generates 200 to 300 kW. Market entiy is expected in 1999. 

Operation of the unit has proven to be successful. The generator is started and stopped by the dispatcher in the control center. It is also designed to automatically shut down if the electrical output drops below a predetermined level. Due to the widely varying conditions in the pipeline, there are times when the generator is started and stopped once or twice a day. At other times, it runs continuously for two or more weeks. There has been no impact on the operation of the existing regulator station resulting from the operation of the expander. The transfer of flow as the expander starts and stops has not caused any pressure excursions downstream of the station. 

The electrical output of the thermocouple varies with temperature. This output is fed through a flexible cable to an external signal-conditioner circuit to amplify and condition the signal for interfacing to the monitoring system. 

The ASME, Performance Test Code on Overall Plant Performance, ASME PTC 46, was designed to determine the performance of the entire heat cycle as an integrated system. This code provides explicit procedures to determination of power plant thermal performance and electrical output. 

L If a nuclear power plant loses its connection to the offsite load, it must shutdown because it cannot be cutback sufficiently that its electrical output matches its "hotel" load. Outline a PSA study to determine the risk reduction that might be achieved by switching in a dummy load to avoid shutdown and keep the plant online. 

Electrical manometers have developed during the last 30 years. Modern electrical manometers are well suited for ventilation applications, both in the laboratory and in the field. The advantage of this type of instrument is fhat they are sensitive enough to measure small pressure differences with electrical output, enabling monitoring. A convenient feature, especially in the field is that the instrument is hand-held and there is no need for leveling on a bench, as for fluid manometers. The conversion of the pressure difference into an electrical signal can be based on several different phenomena. 

A fuel cell has two basic elements a fuel delivery system and an electro-chemical cell that converts the delivered fuel into useful electricity. It is this unique combination that enables fuel cells to potentially offer the best features of both heat engines and batteries. Like batteries, the cell generates a dc electric output and is quiet, clean, and shape-flexible, and may be manufactured using similar plate and filmrolling processes. By contrast, the fuel delivery system ensures that fuel cells, like heat engines, can be... 

The second type of hydroelectric plant is called a run-of-the-nver system. In this case, the force of the river current applies pressure to the turbine blades to produce electricity. Run-of-the-river systems do not usually have reseiwoirs and cannot store substantial quantities of water. As a result, power production from this type of system depends on the river flow— the electricity supply is highly dependent upon seasonal fluctuations in output. Run-of-river projects are most successful when there are large flows in flat rivers or when a high natural geological drop is present, and when the required electricity output is below the maxiniuiii potential of the site. 

OTEC power plants can be located either onshore or at sea. The electricity generated can be transmitted to shore by electrical cables, or used on site for the manufacture of electricity-intensive products or fuels (such as hydrogen). For OTEC plants situated on shore to be economical, the floor of the ocean must drop off to great depths very quickly. This is necessary because a large portion of the electricity generated by an OTEC system is used internally to pump the cold water up from the depths of the ocean. The longer the cold water pipe, the more electricity it takes to pump the cold water to the OTEC facility, and the lower the net electrical output of the power plant. 

Unlike radioisotope generators, nuclear reactors utilize the much more intense process of nuclear chain reaction. Since this process is controlled in the reactor, the energy output could be regulated depending on the system s requirements. It actually could produce twice its nominal power, if necessai"y. Nuclear reactors can pro dde greater electrical output than radioisotope generators using the same types of thermal converters. This output is comparable to that of fuel cells and solar arrays, while nuclear reactors are more durable and compact. 

The range of sizes, plant configurations and cycle parameters make this option extremely flexible, permitting electrical outputs of up to 100 MW to be considered... 

An electrical output for a polarographic detector is produced according the above reactions. Again, various electrolytes can be used for this type of detector, but they are usually based on KC1 or AgCl with additional high molecular mass compounds, which are added to prevent the loss of electrolyte during sterilisation. 

The first three boiler types may be variously used for commercial, institutional, or industrial applications. Fire tube boilers also may be used for steam turbine generator duty at lower electrical outputs, whereas only WT and nuclear reactor boilers are employed for utility power generation. 

The sensor is taken to be of the linear type, i.e., it transduces the incoming chemical information into electrical output according to the equation el.signal = constant + slope (chemical signal) without loss of clarity, the constant can be set to zero and the slope to 1.00. 

The primary goal of the researchers has been to produce Q-dots possessing all of the attributes of the Q-dots prepared using liquid-phase synthetic methods (that is adjustability of the nanocrystal identity and diameter and size monodispersity) and also the technological utility of Q-dots prepared by MBE (specifically, the deposition of nanocrystals with a defined orientation and an electrical output contact). It was shown that the E/C-synthesized 5-CuI and CdS Q-dots were indeed epitaxial with narrow size distribution and strong photoluminescence tunable by the particle size. Qne of the advantages of the E/C method is that it can be made size selective. The key point is that the size as well as the size dispersion of product nanoparticles are directed actually by the corresponding properties of the metal nanoparticles therefore the first deposition step assumes special importance. 

The y-detector of a Mossbauer spectrometer converts the incident y-photons into electric output pulses of defined charge (see Sect. 3.1.6). The detector signals are electronically amplified and shaped by an amplifier network to obtain strong needle pulses with well-defined rise time, so that the pulse height is proportional to the energy of the incident photon. The amplifiers are usually adjusted to obtain... 

Signal-to-noise ratio is the ratio of the electrical output signal to the electrical noise generated in the cable run or in the instrumentation. 

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