Auto antibodies

Immunological abnormalities were reported in 23 adults in Woburn, Massachusetts, who were exposed to contaminated well water and who were family members of children with leukemia (Byers et al. 1988). These immunological abnormalities, tested for 5 years after well closure, included persistent lymphocytosis, increased numbers of T-lymphocytes, and depressed helper suppressor T-cell ratio. Auto-antibodies, particularly anti-nuclear antibodies, were detected in 11 of 23 adults tested. This study is limited by the possible bias in identifying risk factors for immunological abnormalities in a small, nonpopulation-based group identified by leukemia types. Other limitations of this study are described in Section 2.2.2.8. A study of 356 residents of Tucson, Arizona, who were exposed to trichloroethylene (6-500 ppb) and other chemicals in well water drawn from the Santa Cmz aquifer found increased frequencies of 10 systemic lupus erythematosus symptoms, 5 (arthritis, Raynaud s phenomenon, malar rash, skin lesions related to sun exposure, seizure or convulsions) of which were statistically significant (Kilbum and Warshaw 1992). 

Immunotoxicity. Immunological abnormalities were noted in adults who were exposed to contaminated well water and who were family members of children with leukemia (Byers et al. 1988). This was manifested by altered ratios of T-lymphocyte subpopulations, increased incidence of auto-antibodies, and increased infections. Interpretation of this study is limited by factors discussed in Sections 2.2.23 and 2.2.2.8. 

ANAb Anti-nuclear antibodies ANCA Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto antibodies cANCA Cytoplasmic ANCA pANCA Perinuclear ANCA AND Anaphylactic degranulation ANF Atrial natriuretic factor ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide Anti-I-A, Anti-I-E Antibody against class II MHC molecule encoded by I-A locus, I-E locus, anti-lg Antibody against an immunoglobulin... 

Antibodies typically are able to recognize peptide sequences as small as 5-6 amino acids in length. For instance, IgE auto-antibodies were found to have clinical significance in multiple sclerosis by binding specifically to short 5- and 6-amino acid epitopes on the surface of myelin proteins (Mikol et al., 2006). 

D-penicillamine has been shown to induce anti-ssDNA and anti-insulin antibodies in C57BL/Ks (H2d) and C3H/He (H2k) but not in BALB/c (H2d) or C57BL/6 (H2b) mice after subcutaneous exposure for 4 weeks [48], Oral exposure to D-penicillamine or quinidine in the drinking water for 7 to 8 months, also caused an increase in levels of auto-antibodies in A.SW/Sn (H2s) mice [49],... 

Cardiolipin or diphosphatidyl glycerol is one of the most ancient membrane phospholipids from phylogenic aspects. It is surprising for such a complex molecule as cardiolipin to have evolved as one of the major membrane lipids in prokaryotics, when steroids such as cholesterol and phytosterols did not. In eukaryotic cells, cardiolipin is exclusively localized within the mitochondria where it is particularly emiched in the outer leaflet of the inner membrane. Even though a molecular structure of cardiolipin has been conserved in entire organisms, its biological significance has escaped attention except in the case of anti-cardiolipin auto-antibodies which are clinically associated with the Wasserman reaction. 

In the present study, we analyzed proteome in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), esophageal cancer, and pancreatic cancer tissues. We identified many proteins whose expression in cancer tissues was different from corresponding non-cancerous tissues by using 2-DE and MS. Furthermore, we identified some auto-antibodies reacting to proteins in HCC cancer tissues. In this chapter, we will describe the method, our experimental result, and reports from other researchers about proteomic analysis in cancer patients. 

Key Words Proteomics hepatocellular carcinoma HCC esophageal cancer pancreatic cancer auto-antibody... 

Fujita et al. identified auto-antibodies reacting to peroxiredoxin VI in the sera of esophageal cancer patients (37). Hong et al. identified auto-antibodies reacting to cal-reticulin isoforms in the sera of pancreatic cancer patients (38). Le Naour et al. identified auto-antibodies reacting to Crt 32 in the sera of pancreatic cancer patients (39). 

Takashima T, Kuramitsu Y, Yokoyama Y et al. Proteomie analysis of auto-antibodies in patients with hepatoeellular carcinoma. Proteomics 2006 6 3894-3900. 

Fujita Y, Nakanishi T, Fliramatsu M et al. Proteomics-based approach identifying auto-antibody against peroxiredoxin Vt as a novel serum marker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006 12 6415-6420. 

Ternynck, T, and Avrameas, S. 1986. Murine natural monoclonal auto antibodies A study of their polyspecificity and affinities. Immunol. Rev. 94 99-112. 

It has been assumed that in the small subset of SLC+LC+-B cells in human the sustained expression of SLC components was simply a result of the expression of a BCR with particular antigen specificity. However, our SLC-Tg model unexpectedly demonstrated for the first time that dysregulated SLC expression can be one of the primary causes of defective BCR repertoire selection and the formation of auto-antibodies [82],... 

Dll. Dresser, D. W., Most IgM producing cells in the mouse secrete auto-antibodies. Nature (London) 274, 480-483 (1978). 

Assess host immune response (inflammatory response in target/nontarget tissue, auto-antibodies, sensitized cells against normal tissues/organs). 

PURPOSE AND RATIONALE Anti-insulin antibodies (ALA) develop in the serum of many patients who are receiving insulin treatment (Berson et al 1956). In addition, insulin auto antibodies (IAA) are detected in insulin dependent diabetes melhtus (IDDM) or Type I Diabetes before insulin therapy (Palmer et al 1986). 

Immunology. Blood tests can detect viruses and antibodies to viruses, for example hepatitis A/B virus, or auto-antibodies from autoimmune disorders of the liver, for example primary biliary cirrhosis (associated with anti-mitochondrial antibodies), autoimmune hepatitis (associated with smooth muscle antibodies) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (associated with antinuclear cytoplasmic antibodies). 

Autoimmune urticaria. This seems to be an underlying basis of many cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria. About one third of patients with chronic urticaria spontaneously develop auto-antibodies directed at the receptor FceRI, located on skin mast cells. Chronic stimulation of this receptor leads to chronic hives. Patients often have other autoimmune conditions, such as autoimmune thyroiditis. 

H-4) Myasthenia gravis. Patients with this condition produce auto-antibodies against acetylcholine receptors, resulting in poor communication between nerve and muscle. The patient may experience profound muscle weakness, especially after repetitive muscle contractions. 

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