Systemic lupus erythematosus interleukins

H2. Hagiwara, E., Gourley, M. F., Lee, S., and Klinman, D. M., Disease severity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with an increased ratio of interleukin-lOdnterferon-y-secreting cells in the peripheral blood. Arthritis Rheum. 39, 379-385 (1996). 

H13. Horwitz, D. A., Gray, J. D., Behrendsen, S. C., Kubin, M., Rengaraju, M., Ohtsuka, K., and Trinchieri, G., Decreased production of interleukin-12 and other Thl-type cytokines inpatients with recent-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 838-844 (1998). 

L8. Lazarus, M., Hajeer, A. H., Turner, D., Sinnott, P., Worthighton, J., etal., Genetic variation in the interleukin 10 gene promoter and systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol. 24, 2314-2317 (1997). 

Autoimmune diseases have been reported to be more frequent in human subjects treated with several recombinant cytokines [38], For instance, increased titers or the new occurrence of autoantibodies have been observed in hepatitis C patients treated with the recombinant interferons-alpha (IFNa). Quite a few clinical case reports describe the development of organ-specific as well as systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, insulin-dependent type I diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis, and autoimmune thyroiditis in patients under IFNa therapy. Although the mechanism involved is not fully elucidated, the available data support the pathogenic potential of IFNa in autoimmunity [31]. In contrast, autoimmune effects associated with IFNp therapy are thought to be of lesser concern based on the current clinical evidence [38], Thyroid autoimmunity in contrast to other autoimmune diseases is frequent in patients treated with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). Thus, among 281 previously euthyroid cancer patients treated with rIL-2, up to 41%... 

Huizinga TW, van der Linder MW, Deneys-Laporte V, Breedveld FC (1999) Interleukin-10 as an explanation for pregnancy-induced flare in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology, 38 496-498. 

Parks CG, Pandey JP, Dooley MA, Treadwell EL, St Clair EW, Gilkeson GS, Feghali-Bostwick CA, Cooper GS (2004b) Genetic polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and TNF-beta in a population-based study of systemic lupus erythematosus associations and interaction with the interleukin-1 alpha-889 C/T polymorphism. Hum Immunol, 65 622-631. 

Lazarus M, Hajeer AH, Turner D, Srnnott P, WOTthingtrai J, Ollier WE, Hutchinson IV (1997) Genetic variation in the interleukin 10 gene pnunoto and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 24 2314-2317... 

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an inhibitor of intracellular calcineurin, thereby inhibiting the production and release of interleukin-2 (IL-2) which subsequently limits clonal activation and expansion of T-lymphocytes. CsA is FDA-approved for the prevention of solid organ transplant rejection (kidney, liver) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Non-FDA labeled indications include, but are not limited to, the autoimmime diseases systemic lupus erythematosus rheumatoid arthritis myasthenia gravis. 

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