Shock therapies

Many patents have been issued on the use of pyrogaUol derivatives as pharmaceuticals. PyrogaUol has been used extemaUy in the form of an ointment or a solution in the treatment of skin diseases, eg, psoriasis, ringworm, and lupus erythematosus. GaUamine triethiodide (16) is an important muscle relaxant in surgery it also is used in convulsive-shock therapy. Trimethoprim (2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine) is an antimicrobial and is a component of Bactrin and Septra. Trimetazidine (l(2,3,4-trimethoxybenzyl)piperazine (Vastarel, Yosimilon) is used as a coronary vasodilator. l,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-l-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-9JT-pyrido[3,4- ]indole hydrochloride is useful as a tranquilizer (52) (see Hypnotics, sedatives, ANTICONVULSANTS, AND ANXIOLYTICS). Substituted indanones made from pyrogaUol trimethyl ether depress the central nervous system (CNS) (53). Tyrosine-and glycine(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrazides are characterized by antidepressant and anti-Parkinson activity (54). 

Flurothyl [333-36-8] (bis-(2,2,2-trifluoroeth5i)ether) (9), an analeptic having strong convulsant properties, has been used for chemical shock therapy (13). The compound is unique in that it is a volatile fluorinated ether and its stmcture resembles those of many halogenated general anesthetics. Chemical shock therapy is rarely used. 

Pentylenetetrazol (188) is a drug with profound stimulatory activity on the central nervous system. As such, the agent was at one time used in shock therapy for treatment of mental disease. Although it has since been supplanted by safer methods, the agents still occupy an important role in various experimental animal models in pharmacology. Addition of hydrazine to the imino ether (186) obtained from caprolactam affords 187. Treat-... 

Adrenaline, when administered to humans at 20 ug. per min. levels, caused increases in pulmonary ventilation of 13 to 153 per cent. The percentage increases in oxygen consumption resulting from the same administration were 19 to 56 per cent.30 Noradrenaline at the same level caused increases in pulmonary ventilation of 39 to 70 per cent and changes in oxygen consumption from -23 percent up to +31 per cent. Funkenstein, et al.,31 have tabulated the differences in the pharmacological action of these two substances and have adduced good evidence that two different types of psychotic patients tend to secrete excessive amounts, respectively, of the two types of hormones. Those who appear to secrete excess epinephrine-like hormone are more likely, at better than the 0.01 level of probability, to be benefited by electric shock therapy. If there are, as indicated, wide... 

Shock Therapy. The early 20th century saw the development of the first effective biological treatments for depression, the shock therapies. The first shock treatments used injection of horse serum or insulin. A major advance in treatment occurred with the advent of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in 1934. Although initially used to treat schizophrenia, ECT was soon found to be highly effective for other psychiatric disorders including depression and mania. ECT remained the primary biological psychiatric treatment until the widespread release of psychiatric medications in the 1950s. 

Shock Therapy. Insulin coma treatments were used in the early 1900s but offered no tangible improvement. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) arose in the 1930s and 1940s and was the hrst treatment to provide some relief from psychosis. However, its effects are only temporary and it proved too costly for continuous use. ECT continues to have some use for life-threatening catatonia, but it is mainly used to treat refractory depression or bipolar disorder. 

McArthur, J. (1997) Shock therapy for kids. The Sun-Herald, Sydney July 13 7. 

Impastato, D.J., Gabriel, A.R., and Lardaro, H.H. (1964) Electric and insulin shock therapy during pregnancy. Dis Nerv Syst 1 542-546. 

Kahn NH, Shelton SJ Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys environmental cues and neurochemical regulation. Science 243 1718-1721, 1989 Kahnowsky LB, Kennedy F Observations in electric shock therapy apphed to problems of epilepsy. J Nerv Ment Dis 98 56-67, 1943 Kampen D, Sherwin B Estrogen use and verbal memory in healthy postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 83 979-983, 1994 Kane JM, Quitkin FM, Rifkin A, et al Lithium carbonate and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar 11 illness a prospective placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39 1065-1069, 1982 Kaneno S, Komatsu H, Fukamauchi F, et al Biochemical basis of antidepressant-effect of low dose of sulpiride. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 45 131-132, 1991... 

Ulett GA, Smith K, Gleser GC. Evaluation of convulsive and subconvulsive shock therapies utilizing a control group. Am J Psychiatry 1956 112 795-802. 

This sequence is very seldom allowed to occur, because we are so busy "treating" the patient, whether by chemotherapy, shock therapy, milieu therapy, group therapy, psychotherapy, family therapy... (p.85). 

Respiratory effects of hypoglycemia A 19-year-old woman with diabetes developed hypoglycemia with pulmonary edema (59). This has previously been seen as a complication of insulin shock therapy for psychiatric illnesses. 

Because suicide is one of the leading causes of death in elderly people and in other populations, rapid and effective treatment of depression is warranted. Current therapies include the use of electroconvulsive (shock) therapy, psychiatric intervention, and antidepressant drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Recently, in the U.S., the use of St. John s wort (Hypericum perforatum) has become more prevalent, especially in the treatment of depression. 

While insulin shock therapy is applicable mainly in cases of schizophrenia in their comparatively early stages, electro-shock therapy is applicable to manic depressive psychoses and to involutional... 

Ross, J. Malzberg, B. 1939, A review of the results of the pharmacological shock therapy and the metrazol convulsive therapy in New York State., Am.. Psychiatry, vol. 96, pp. 297-316. 

Weinstein, E. A., Linn, L., Kahn, R. L. 1952, Psychosis during electroshock therapy its relation to the theory of shock therapy, Am.J.Psychiatry, vol. 109,... 

We believe that L.S.D.-25 is a drug which induces a controllable toxic state within the nervous system, that reactivates anxiety and fear with apparently just enough euphoria to permit recall of the provoking experiences. It does this without the sluggishness or speech difficulties so frequently encountered during I.S.T. [Insulin Shock Therapy] and following E.C.T. [Electroconvulsive Therapy]. 

Boodman, S. (1996, September 24). Shock therapy It s back. The Washington Post Health, pp.14-20. 

Boyle, G. (1986, November). Concussion of the brain with electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) An appropriate treatment for depression and suicidal ideation Australian Clinical Psychology, 21—27. 

Patients, public need full story on shock therapy. (1995, December 8). USA Today, p. 12A. 

Smith, M. (1995, March 7). Eight in Texas die after shock therapy in 15-month period. Houston Chronicle, p. IA. 

Several picrotoxane-containing plants are used in traditional medicines. Cor-iaria species play an important role in Chinese traditional medicine, notably against mental diseases. Coriaria nepalensis is used against numbness, toothache, traumatic injury, and conjunctivitis (252). In the traditional medicine of Taiwan, gastrointestinal disturbances, rheumatism, and uterine cancer are treated with extracts of Coriaria intermedia (255). C. sinica is used for treatment of schizophrenia (29), and extracts of the parasitic plant on C. nepalensis, L. parasiticus, were used as shock therapy in schizophrenia (27). Okuda et al. point to corianin (21) as the main active component (27). 

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