In systemic lupus erythematosus

Vaarala, O., Alfthan, G., Jauhiainen, M., Leirisalo-Repo, M., Aho, K. and Palosuo, T. (1993). Cross-reaction between antibodies to oxidised low-density lipoprotein and to cardiolipin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 341, 923-925. 

White, S. and Rosen, A., Apoptosis in systemic lupus erythematosus, Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 15, 557, 2003. 

McClain, M.T., Harley, J.B., and James, J.A., The role of Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus, Front. Biosci, 1, 137, 2001. 

Richardson, B. et al., Evidence for impaired T cell methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis Rheum., 33,1665, 1990. 

Crow, M.K. and Kirou, K.A., Interferon-alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus, Cum. Opin. Rheumatol., 16, 541, 2004. 

Other clinical trials with CCR2 antagonists are underway [1], but no reports have been forthcoming. Both MLN-1202, a humanized anti-CCR2 antibody, and MK-0812, a small molecule antagonist, were examined in rheumatoid arthritis (vide supra) and are also being examined in multiple sclerosis. Two additional small molecules - CCX-915 and INCB-8696 - have entered phase 1 trials with multiple sclerosis as a projected phase 2 trial. An intention to study INCB-8696 in systemic lupus erythematosus has also been declared. Finally, phase 2 clinical... 

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Salmon, M., and Gordon, C., The role of apoptosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol. 38,1177-1183 (1999). 

Darmawan J. Treatment-free remission in systemic lupus erythematosus patieuts. APLAR J Rheumatol 1999 2 109-14. 

Rahman P, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, HaUett D, Tam LS. Early damage as measured by the SLICC/ACR damage index is a predictor of mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2001 10 93-6. 

Cyclosporine is approved for use in rheumatoid arthritis and retards the appearance of new bony erosions. Its usual dosage is 3-5 mg/kg/d divided into two doses. Anecdotal reports suggest that it may be useful in systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, Wegener s granulomatosis, and juvenile chronic arthritis. 

Hoet, R.M., Pieffers, M., Stassen, M.H., et al. (1999). The importance of the light chain for the epitope specificity of human anti-Ul small nuclear RNA autoantibodies present in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J. Immunol., 163, 3304—3312. 

Zonana-Nacach A, Barr SG, Magder LS, Petri M. Damage in systemic lupus erythematosus and its association with corticosteroids. Arthritis Rheum 2000 43(8) 1801-8. 

Immunoadsorption, an advanced therapeutic modality, focuses on detoxification of patient blood rich in high-molecular-weight pathogenic substances, mostly abnormal autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and anti-DNA autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Detoxification of these pathogens will be accomplished through extracorporeal perfusion of the patient plasma or whole blood over an affinity column made of immunoadsorbents. These adsorbents perform their function through the same mechanism as conventional affinity adsorption, where proteins in the liquid phase are adsorbed on the specific ligands immobilized onto an insoluble support. 

Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A, Petri M, Schlissel M. Surface blebs on apoptotic cells are sites of enhanced procoagulant activity Implications for coagulation events and antigenic spread in systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996 93 624-1629. 

Clancy RM. Circulating endothelial cells and vascular injury in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000 2 39-43. 

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A9. Amital, H., and Shoenfeld, Y., Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (R. G. Lahita, ed.), pp. 1—11. Academic Press, New York, 1999. 

B4. Barcellini, W., Rizzardi, G. P., Borghi, M. O., Nicoletti, F., Fain, C., Del Papa, N., and Meroni, P. L., In vitro type-1 and type-2 cytokine production in systemic lupus erythematosus Lack of relationship with clinical disease activity. Lupus 5,139—145 (1996). 

D4. Davas, E. M., Tsirogianni, A., Kappou, I., Karamitsos, D., Economidou, I., and Dantis, P. C., Serum IL-6, TNF alpha, p55 srTNF alpha, p75 srTNF alpha, srIL-12 alpha levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Rheumatol. 18, 17—22 (1999). 

F8. Funauchi, M., Ikoma, S., Enomoto, H., and Horiuchi, A., Decreased Th 1-like and increased Th2-like cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Scand. J. Rheumatol. 27, 219—224 (1998). 

G9. Grondal, G., Gunnarsson, I., Ronnelid, L, Rogberg, S., Klareskog, L., and Lundberg, I., Cytokine production, serum levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 18, 565-570 (2000). 

L14. Liu, T. F., and Jones, B. M., Impaired production of IL-12 in systemic lupus erythematosus. II. IL-12 production in vitro is correlated negatively with serum IL-10, positively with serum I I N v and negatively with disease activity in SLE. Cytokines 10, 148—153 (1998). 

A2. Abu-Shakra, M., Urowitz, M. B., Gladman, D. D., and Gough, J., Mortality studies in systemic lupus erythematosus Results from a single center. I. Causes of death. J. Rheumatol. 22,1259-1264(1995). 

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A22. Anne-Barbara, M., and Evelyn, V. H., The role of environment in systemic lupus erythematosus and associated disorders. In Dubois Lupus Erythematosus (D. J. Wallace and B. H. Hahn, eds.), pp. 31-47. Williams Wilkins, Baltimore, 1997. 

B6. Bell, D. A., and Maddison, P. J., Serologic subsets in systemic lupus erythematosus An examination of autoantibodies in relationship to clinical features of disease and HLA antigens. Arthritis Rheum. 23, 1268-1273 (1980). 

B11. Bengtsson, A. A., Sturfelt, G., Truedsson, L., Blomberg, J., Aim, G., etal., Activation of type I interferon system in systemic lupus erythematosus correlates with disease activity but not with antiretroviral antibodies. Lupus 9, 664-671 (2000). 

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C3. Casciola-Rosen, L. A., Anhalt, G., and Rosen, A., Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J. Exp. Med. 179, 1317-1330 (1994). 

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