Autoimmune disorder

Autoreactive tissue disorders (autoimmune diseases)2 Prednisone, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, interferon-a and -3, azathioprine, cyclosporine, infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab Often good, variable... 

Cytokine concentrations reflect the severity of some diseases and are markers of prognosis. This is particularly applicable for infectious diseases (bacterial sepsis and parasitological infections) and immune disorders (autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and allergic diseases, such as asthma and skin hypersensitivity). 

Tsubata T. B cell abnormality and autoimmune disorders. Autoimmunity 2005 38 331-337. 

Several diseases are known which are associated with BBB disruption. These include brain tumor metastases epilepsy and the more severe condition of status epilepticus cerebrovascular disorders autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis acute cerebral infarcts meningeal carcinomatosis and ischemic white matter lesions. " Several genetic polymorphisms are known which increase the susceptibility to BBB disruption. These include polymorphisms in glutathione transferase, important for protection against oxidative stress, and malfunctioning variants of serum BChE (e.g., atypical BC/ffi). In particular, such mutations increase the risk of BBB disruption that is involved with exposure to anticholinesterases or to lead sulfate batteries, with subsequent increased risk for Parkinson s disease. ... 

Excessive apoptosis Neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimers s disease, Parkinson s disease), hematological disorders, autoimmune disorders (graft versus host disease, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis), ischemia, heart failure, inflammation, osteoarthritis, human immunodeficiency virus, bacterial infections, allograft rejection, trauma. 

Dolcetti, R. (2007) B lymphocytes and Epstein-Barr vims the lesson of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Autoimmunity Reviews, 7, 96-101. 

Biological Applications Zinc indicator " early diagnosis of prostate cancer treating age-related macular degeneration (AMD), amyloidosis disorders, autoimmune diseases, herpes virus infection ... 

Cachexia refers to a physical wasting due to loss of muscle and fat. Cachexia is often found in end-stage cancer patients but is also caused by autoimmune disorders or by infectious diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis. 

Allergic reactions (especially those of type IV) can lead to disorders which resemble autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases. If an immediate elimination of the antigen is not feasible, immunosuppressive drugs can represent a reasonable addendum. 

TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine exerting a wide range of cellular responses, that affect biological processes such as lipid metabolism, coagulation, and insulin resistance and the function of endothelial cells. As a major proinflammatory cytokine TNF is also involved in progression of diseases like cancer, Alzheimer, Diabetes type II, cardiovascular, pulmonary or neurological disorders, and many autoimmune diseases. Blocking the action of TNF clearly reduces its inflammatory potential on various autoimmune disorders like Crohn s disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis. 

It is important to use these drag with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders, renal disease, or liver impairment. The neuromuscular blocking action of die lincosamides poses a danger to patients widi myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disease manifested by extreme weakness and exhaustion of die muscles). 

New active substances for treatment of AIDS, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, (and from 2008) autoimmune or other immunological disorders and viral diseases. 

Muscle dysfunction may also present as part of multisystem disease, often involving vascular insufficiency or autoimmune disease. By far the most important of the multisystem and autoimmune diseases are seen as subclasses of the inflammatory disorders. 

The definition of an overlap syndrome dictates that the criteria for diagnosis of both disorders (in the present context, of PM/DM and of some other connective tissue disorder), are fulfilled. It is not unexpected that those syndromes which overlap with PM/DM are also either known autoimmune conditions or ones in which an autoimmune basis is strongly suspected. The association of these disorders with PM/DM syndromes may not materially alter the basic histopathological featmes expected in PM/DM but some differences may be identifiable. The disorders most frequently associated with an overlap syndrome are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, scleroderma, and mixed connective tissue disease. 

Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are calcineurin inhibitors that are administered as part of immunosuppressive regimens in kidney, liver, heart, lung, and bone marrow transplant recipients. In addition, they are used in autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. The pathophysiologic mechanism for ARF is renal vascular vasoconstriction.41 It often occurs within the first 6 to 12 months of treatment, and can be reversible with dose reduction or drug discontinuation. Risk factors include high dose, elevated trough blood concentrations, increased age, and concomitant therapy with other nephrotoxic drugs.41 Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are extensively metabolized by... 

While the actual causative agent of MS is not clear, the final result is the development of an autoimmune disorder with areas of CNS demyelination and axonal transection. 

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