Cancer associated with

Bronchogenic carcinoma A lung cancer associated with asbestos exposure. 

Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). The normal level is less than 35 units/mL (35 kU/L). This test is associated with a lack of specificity. CA-125 can be elevated in a number of other states, such as different phases of the menstrual cycle, endometriosis, and non-gynecologic cancers. It is important to rule out other cancers associated with the abdominal cavity. 

Myeloma is a plasma cell cancer associated with bone disease that can be improved by bisphosphonates. 

Although earlier work had showed a positive association between coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer rates across countries,2 it was the much-publicized case-control study of MacMahon et al.3 in 1981 that attracted widespread attention to the question of a possible link. In that study, which was designed primarily to investigate the role of smoking and alcohol in pancreatic cancer, 369 pancreatic cancer patients prior to diagnosis and 644 hospital controls reported their typical daily coffee and tea consumption. Unexpectedly, the authors found a significantly increased risk of pancreatic cancer associated with coffee consumption (overall rela-... 

In a nested case-control study of cancers associated with chemical exposures in the wood industry, Kauppinen et al. (1986) found a significantly increased risk of respiratory system cancer associated with exposure to phenol and phenol in wood dust. As is often the case in occupational settings, these exposures were confounded by smoking and exposures to other materials like pesticides. The increased risk observed for exposure to phenol was almost 5-fold (odds ratio of 4.94), but showed no dose-related increase. This risk dropped to 4-fold with adjustments for smoking history, and to less than 3-fold (and non-significant) when workers exposed to both phenols and pesticides were excluded from the analysis. 

Struewing, j. P., et al.. The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCAl and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N Engl J Med,... 

Gaythee, S. a., et al., Variation of risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with different germline mutations of the BRCA2 gene. Nat Genet, 1997, 15(1), 103-5. 

In any event, the FDA has declared that, for carcinogens such as DES, the condition of safety would be satisfied if the extra lifetime risk of cancer associated with consumption of residues in food did not exceed some very low level. In a regulatory proposal published in 1977, the agency spelled out some of the reasons it selected a one-in-one-million risk as that level. In essence, the FDA held that if this risk... 

Reitz RH, Mendrala AL, Corley RA, et al. 1990. Estimating the risk of liver cancer associated with human exposures to chloroform using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 105 443-459. 

The administration of tamoxifen necessitates routine gynaecological monitoring since uterine fibroids and endometrial changes may occur with its use. Prior to starting treatment, patients should be informed of the small risk of endometrial cancer associated with tamoxifen therapy. 

McCallum RI, Woolley V, Petrie A Lung cancer associated with chloromethyl methyl ether manufacture An investigation at two factories in the United Kingdom. Br J Ind Med 40 384-389, 1983... 

The industrial revolution of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century brought clear confirmation that occupational exposure to chemicals could cause cancer. The first indication came from increases in skin and bladder cancers associated with cutting oils and dyes. In 1895 bladder cancer was associated with workers in the aniline dye industry. Further worker-based studies found that exposure to... 

McCann, S.E., Moysich, K.B., Freudenheim, J.L., Ambrosone, C.B., and Shields, P.G., The risk of breast cancer associated with dietary lignans differs by CYP17 genotype in women, J. Nutr., 132, 3036, 2002. 

Halvorsen OJ, Cyan AM, Bo TH et al. Gene expression profiles in prostate cancer association with patient subgroups and tumour differentiation. IntJOncol 2005 26 329-336. 

Gao YT, McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ, Ji BT, Dai Q, Eraumeni JF. Reduced risk of esophageal cancer associated with green tea consumption. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994 86 855-858. 

Gold EB Sever LE (1994) Childhood cancers associated with parental occupational exposures. Occup Med, 9 495-539. 

I. Romieu et al., Breast Cancer, Lactation History, and Serum Organochlorines, Am. J. Epidemiol. 152 (2000) 565-70 R. Millikan et al., Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Breast Cancer Among African-American and White Women in North Carolina, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers. Prev. 9 (2000) 1255-40 S. D. Stellman et al., Breast Cancer Risk in Relation to Adipose Concentrations of Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Long Island, New York, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers. Prev. 9 (2000) 1241-49 T. Zheng et al., Risk of Female Breast Cancer Associated with Serum Polychlorinated Biphenyls and l,l-dichloro-2,2 -bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene, Cancer Epidemiol. Bio-... 

The risk of cancer associated with occupational exposure to chloroprene has been examined in two well conducted studies, one in the United States and one in Russia. These investigations do not indicate a consistent excess of cancer at any site. 

Three case-control studies have examined the risk of cancer associated with dichloromethane exposure and provided data adequate for evaluation. One observed an association between estimated intensity, probability and duration of exposure and the risk of astrocytic brain tumours. A second, which focused on female breast cancer, observed an elevated risk in the highest exposure category but no association with probability of exposure. The third indicated an increased risk of rectal cancer and possibly lung cancer. 

The risk of cancer associated with occupational exposure to isocyanates has been examined in three industrial cohort studies and in a population-based case-control study of several types of cancer. No strong association or consistent pattern has emerged. 

The characteristics of long latency, miniscule insult levels, and nonspecific or low incidence pathology probably confounds trace element research as well. It is well established, for example, that the pulmonary syndrome associated with chronic beryllium exposure (24) and the skin cancer associated with chronic arsenic exposure (25) may have latency periods described in decades. Furthermore, berylliosis only affects a very small percentage of the population exposed. 

The overall incidence of reproductive cancers attributable to oral contraceptive use has been estimated in a modeling analysis (72). The authors assumed a 50% reduction in ovarian and endometrial cancers associated with 5 years or more of tablet use, and used two alternative scenarios for breast and cervical cancer effects. If oral contraceptive use produces a 20% increase in breast cancer before age 50 and the same increase in cervical cancer, then for every 100 000 tablet users there would be 44 fewer reproductive cancers and these users would gain one more day free of cancer. If instead the increase in risk of early breast cancer and of cervical cancer is 50%, oral contraceptive users would have 11 fewer cancer-free days. 

The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study of the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The reduction in risk of ovarian cancer associated with oral-contraceptive use. N Engl J Med 1987 316(ll) 650-5. 

Although the endometrial cancers associated with tamoxifen are usually pure adenocarcinomas, other types of rare tumors have also been reported. A pure uterine rhabdomyosarcoma has been reported (99), and a mesodermal mixed tumor of the endometrium occurred 5 years after 5 years of tamoxifen therapy (100). The tumor responded only to combined treatment with doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and carbopla-tin. It is possible that this type of tumor arises later than adenocarcinomas and should be looked for during longterm use of tamoxifen. 

Breast cancer f 11 41 f8 (Hudelist et al., 2004) (Shen et al., 2005) Annexin A8 expression was associated with basal-cell-like breast cancers, associated with poor prognosis (Stein et al., 2005)... 

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