Other Conditions

As we ve just seen nucleophilic ring opening of ethylene oxide yields 2 substituted derivatives of ethanol Those reactions involved nucleophilic attack on the carbon of the ring under neutral or basic conditions Other nucleophilic ring openings of epoxides like wise give 2 substituted derivatives of ethanol but either involve an acid as a reactant or occur under conditions of acid catalysis... 

Catalyst performance depends on composition, the method of preparation, support, and calcination conditions. Other key properties include, in addition to chemical performance requkements, surface area, porosity, density, pore size distribution, hardness, strength, and resistance to mechanical attrition. 

AletalHydrides. Metal hydrides can sometimes be used to prepare amines by reduction of various functional groups, but they are seldom the preferred method. Most metal hydrides do not reduce nitro compounds at all (64), although aUphatic nitro compounds can be reduced to amines with lithium aluminum hydride. When aromatic amines are reduced with this reagent, a2o compounds are produced. Nitriles, on the other hand, can be reduced to amines with lithium aluminum hydride or sodium borohydride under certain conditions. Other functional groups which can be reduced to amines using metal hydrides include amides, oximes, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and a2ides (64). 

Halogenation. Normally, 2-halopropane derivatives are prepared from isopropyl alcohol most economically by reaction with the corresponding acid haUde. However, under appropriate conditions, other reagents, eg, phosphoms haUdes and elemental halogen, also react by replacement of the hydroxyl group to give the haUde (46). 

Direct Blue 218 had reported sales of 623 t valued at 4.4 million ia 1987. It is produced from Direct Blue 15 (76) by metallizing and elimination of methyl groups from the methoxide to form the copper complex. Direct Blue 15 (76) is prepared by coupling o-dianisidine [119-90-4] to two moles of H-acid (4-amiQO-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid) under alkaline pH conditions. Other important direct blues iaclude Direct Blue 80 (74), (9-dianisidine coupled to two moles of R-acid (3-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid [148-75-4]) followed by metallizing to form a bis copper complex, and Direct Blue 22 (77), an asymmetrical disazo dye, prepared by coupling o-dianisidine to Chicago acid [82-47-3] and 2-naphthol. Direct Blue 75 (78) is an example of a trisazo dye represented as metanilic acid — 1,6-Q.eve s acid — 1,6-Q.eve s acid — (alb) Ai-phenyl J-acid. 

A conservative assumption is that O can be set equal to zero. When the stress O equals the characteristic strength O the faUure probabUity is 63.2%. Under conditions other than tensUe loading, the stress distribution in a body is inhomogeneous. To account for this, a loading factor k is used to calculate the effective volume under stress and kVreplaces V. 

Replacement of Chlorine AEyl choride can be hydrolyzed to aEyl alcohol [107-18-6] under either alkaline or acidic conditions. Other simple replacements of Cl are by I, CN, SCN, NCS, SH, and others. 

Extrapolation of KgO data for absorption and stripping to conditions other than those for which the origin measurements were made can be extremely risky, especially in systems involving chemical reactions in the liquid phase. One therefore would be wise to restrict the use of overall volumetric mass-transfer-coefficient data to conditions not too far removed from those employed in the actual tests. The most reh-able data for this purpose would be those obtained from an operating commercial unit of similar design. 

A single bar (I) in these stress tables indicates that there are conditions other than stress which affect usage above or below the temperature as described in otlier referenced notes. A double bar (II) after a tabled stress indicates that use of the material is proliibited above that temperature. 

Opening a manual valve. Manual valves which are normally closed to isolate two or more pieces of equipment or process streams can be inadvertently opened, causing the release of a high-pressure stream or resulting in vacuum conditions. Other effects may include the development of critical flows, flashing of liquids, or the generation of a runaway chemical reaction. 

The model that best describes operating conditions other than those upon which its parameter estimates are based i.e., the model that best interpolates among and extrapolates from its development conditions, should be the model of choice. 

Management of change A system to identify, review and approve all modifications to equipment, procedures, raw materials and processing conditions, other than replacement in kind, prior to implementation. 

Introduction Types of metal-enclosed bus systems Design parameters and service conditions for a metal enclosed bus system Short-circuit effects Service conditions Other design considerations Skin effect Proximity effect Sample calculation for designing a 2500 A non-isolaled phase aluminium busbar systern... 

Excellent hydrolytic stability. (For example, PEK has very good resistance to hot water at 125°C, under which conditions other heat-resisting plastics such as the polyimides are liable to fail.)... 

Outdoor air is generally less polluted than the system return air. However, problems with reentry of previously exhausted air occur as a result of improperly located exhaust and intake vents or periodic changes in wind conditions. Other outdoor contamination problems include contaminants from other industrial sources, power plants, motor vehicle exhaust, and dust, asphalt vapors, and solvents from construction or renovation. Also, heat gains and losses through the building envelope due to heat conduction through exterior walls, floor, and roof, and due to solar radiation and infiltration, can be attributed to effects from external sources. 

Bromination is selective for the 3-ketone under these mild conditions. Other reagents will also do this e.g. A/-bromoacetamide, mono- and dibromo-... 

Those basic matrix selection factors are used as bases for comparing the four principal types of matrix materials, namely polymers, metals, carbons, and ceramics, listed in Table 7-1. Obviously, no single matrix material is best for all selection factors. However, if high temperatures and other extreme environmental conditions are not an issue, polymer-matrix materials are the most suitable constituents, and that is why so many current applications involve polymer matrices. In fact, those applications are the easiest and most straightforward for composite materials. Ceramic-matrix or carbon-matrix materials must be used in high-temperature applications or under severe environmental conditions. Metal-matrix materials are generally more suitable than polymers for moderately high-temperature applications or for modest environmental conditions other than elevated temperature. 

For both failure modes, terminations caused by conditions other than the DG and its immediate support systems were not counted. Conditions that invalidated tests or demands for this study Include any operating errors that would not have prevented the DG from being restarted and brought to load in a few minutes without corrective maintenance incorrect trip signals that would not have been operative in the emergency mode and minor water or oil lea)cs that would not have precluded operation of the DG in an emergency. 

Hydrogenation of aromatics under mild conditions gives mainly the all-cis isomer as if hydrogen addition takes place from only one side of the molecule (23,24). Reductions under more vigorous conditions may give other isomers by isomerization of the initially formed all-cis product. Under mild conditions, other isomers are accounted for by desorption and readsorption in a new orientation of intermediate olefins, as well as by double-bond migration in the... 

This gives flame length for conditions other than maximum flow. 

Operating conditions other than these must be corrected before going into the table. 

A definite-purpose motor is any motor designed in standard rating with standard operating characteristics or mechanical construction for use under service conditions other than usual or for use on a particular type of application. 

When an internal combustion engine is to be used at different operating conditions (altitude) other than the standard conditions that the engine was rated at, it is necessary to derate the engine specifications. The brake horsepower H at pressure and temperature conditions other than standard can be obtained from the following ... 

The value of Eff is affected by many experimental conditions other than the electrolyte and anode materials. The experimental conditions include such factors as the cell configuration, electrode orientation, electrode surface area, working electrode substrate, charge-discharge currents, charge quantity, and amount of electrolyte. 

Under these conditions, other relationships can be used to calculate p. Equation (6.20) can be written in the form... 

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