Layout, piping plant

Paton [15] reports total model costs of 0.4 to 1.0 percent of erected plant costs for a 1 million plant. These are actual costs and do not reflect profits. Material costs are less than 10 percent of total model costs, and usually less than 5 percent. For a. 30 million plant model costs run as low as 0.1 percent. These are for models which include plant layout, piping layout, and piping details. If simpler models are used the costs should be less. 

Interaction tests should be made on all unprotected structures in the vicinity of a proposed cathodic protection installation, and should be repeated annually or at some other suitable interval to ensure that alterations in the layout of plant or in the electrical conditions are taken into account. It is most convenient if the tests on all unprotected pipes or cables are made at the same time, the potential measurements being synchronised with the regular switching on and off of the protection current. It may then be convenient to continue with further tests to confirm that any remedial measures applied to one installation do not adversely affect other installations. 

Considering the difficulties of co-ordination faced by a multidisciplinary design team, and the need to minimize design iterations by foreseeing the whole eventual plant when preparing initial layouts, pipe support systems should be substantially set out for batches of lines from the outset for example, pipes should be run on racks whenever possible. 

Plant flow diagram Document for operating conditions Plant layout Piping diagram (if any)... 

Preliminary plant layout, pipe sizes, and holding tanks... 

Although equipment types and the flow of process streams between the equipment types are the main drivers in plant layout, piping is also important—not least because it constitutes a major part of the overall cost of the complete facility. 

Unit layout as installed is the next step of preparation. This may take some effort if analysts have not been involvea with the unit prior to the plant-performance analysis. The equipment in the plant should correspond to that shown on the PFDs and P IDs. Wmere differences are found, analysts must seek explanations. While a hne-by-line trace is not required, details of the equipment installation and condition must be understood. It is particularly useful to correlate the sample and measurement locations and the bypasses shown on the P IDs to those ac tuaUy piped in the unit. Gas vents and liquid (particularly water-phase) discharges may have been added to the unit based on operating experience out not shown on the P IDs. While these flows may ultimately be small within the context of plant-performance an ysis, they may have sufficient impact to alter conclusions regarding trace component flows, particularly those that have a tendency to build in a process. 

Some important factors regarding a safe plant can be better understood if the reader is familiar with such process equipment as reactors (Section 5.2), mass transfer units (Section 5.3), heat exchanges (Section 5.4), ancillary equipment (Section 5.5), environmental equipment (Section 5.6), and utilities (Section 5.7). Protective equipment is reviewed in Section 5.8. Process diagrams, which illustrate the various possible arrangements of plant equipment, valves, piping, and control systems, are presented in Section 5.9. Plant siting and layout are discussed in Section 5.10 - this last section illustrates the factors that can contribute to proper plant operation. 

System description is tlie compilation of tlie process/plant information needed for tlie risk analysis. For e. ample, site locations, environs, weatlier data, process flow diagrams (PFDs), piping an instnmientation diagrams (P IDs), layout drawings, operating and maintenance procedures, technology documentation, process chemistry, and tliermophysical property data may be required. 

The water system layout should provide an adequate supply to all parts of the plant. Piping, pumps, tanks, alves, hj drants, and au.xiliao equipment should follow acceptable stanckirds. 

Plant model costs vary depending upon the degree of detail included. Considerable decision making information can be obtained from a set-up of block layout only, and these costs would be extremely small. For a reasonably complete scale piping detail model the costs are reported as O.I to 0.6 percent of the cost of the plant. The large plants over 20 million cost in the lower 0.1 percent range while small plant models cost in the 0.6 to 1.0... 

The cylinders are arranged on the main frame of the compressor to provide balanced crankshaft power loading (when possible), access for maintenance, piping convenience, and floor space to suit plant layout. Common designations by position of the cylinder are... 

To assess the potential hazard of a new plant, the index can be calculated after the Piping and Instrumentation and equipment layout diagrams have been prepared. In earlier versions of the guide the index was then used to determine what preventative and protection measures were needed, see Dow (1973). In the current version the preventative and protection measures, that have been incorporated in the plant design to reduce the hazard-are taken into account when assessing the potential loss in the form of loss control credit factors. 

The siting of the main process units will determine the layout of the plant roads, pipe alleys and drains. Access roads will be needed to each building for construction, and for operation and maintenance. 

Some companies use it only to obtain a rough three-dimensional view of the plant. Others include on it all pipes, valves, and electrical lines. In this case, a large number of orthographic drawings and layouts will be eliminated. In some cases the dimensions for some piping may be taken directly off the model, although usually a pipe sketch is also included (see Fig. 12-3) for each pipeline. This is sometimes... 

The networks that interconnect various process units and vessels to the discharge zones or flares occur widely in refineries and chemical plants. Figure 11 shows a typical configuration in which the root represents the flare, the terminal vertices represent the relief valves, and the edge (each labeled with an arabic numeral) represents a pipe section between two physical junctions (valves, flare, or pipe joints). The configuration of such a network is dictated by the layout of the process unit. In this discussion both the lengths of the pipe sections and the interconnections will be treated as specified variables. 

For the Equipment Safety Subindex the process plant area is divided into two different areas, which have different safety properties. The onsite area is the area where the raw materials are converted into the products. This is referred as the inside battery limits area (ISBL). This area is characterized by large number of equipment and piping located in a concentrated way in a small area. The rest of the plant is referred as the offsite or outside battery limits area (OSBL). The offsite area is characterized by large inventories of fluids, which are often flammable and/or toxic. The number of equipment in OSBL area is smaller but their size larger than in the ISBL area. The layout is much more scattered in OSBL than in ISBL which is to enhance safety. 

Bausbacher, E.F. Hunt, R.W. 1993. Process Plant Layout and Piping Design. Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall. 

Pipe materials, types of, 19 476-478 Pipenzolate bromide, 4 360t Pipe provers, 11 652-653 Piperack(s), 19 494 multielevation, 19 515 in plant layout, 19 515-519 Piperack configurations, types of, 19 516 Piperazine, 3 485... 

In most instances, the safeguarding inherent in the facility (the piping, the plant layout, and its operating practices) is sufficient without need for additional safeguarding. In some instances, however, engineered safeguards must be provided. 

Magnesium nitrate has been used instead of sulfuric acid in new commercial plants since it requires lower capital investment and has lower overall operating costs. The lower capital investment results from the use of metal equipment for all the components as well as from a more compact plant layout. The upper portion of the distillation column and the condenser and piping for handling the concentrated nitric acid are fabricated from the same materials whether sulfuric... 

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