Capital lower

Capital Lower case Name Capital Lower case Name... 

Enter the desired reaction with each stoichiometric coefficient and species, separated by a blank, on a separate line. Use negative coefficients for reactants and positive coefficients for products. supcrt92 does not check if the reaction is balanced, or if it makes any sense. Each species must be written exactly as it appears in the database, because supcrt92 uses the name to find the data. Minerals must be typed in capital letters, aqueous species in capitals, lower case, numerals, and + or — as indicated, and so on. 

Every bioprocess starts with the best possible cell factory. A better performing cell will allow for less capital, lower variable cost for the fermentation, and a simpler recovery process as the product will be more concentrated. More than one property makes for a good cell factory and none of the commonly used cell factories have all the needed attributes. Case-by-case development of a biocatalyst is still the norm, even though a platform for a given organism would help accelerate process development. Described below are elements from a process point of view to consider in choosing a biocatalyst for a bioprocess. 

If complex distillation columns are being considered, then these also can bring about significant reductions in capital cost. The dividing-wall column shown in Fig. 5.17 not only requires typically 20 to 30 percent less energy than a conventional arrangement but also can be typically 30 percent lower in capital cost than a conventional two-column arrangement. ... 

Addition and subtraction of matrices is canied out by adding or subtracting coiTcsponding elements. With matrices denoted by boldface capital letters and matrix elements by lower case letters, if... 

If the feed, solvent, and extract compositions are specified, and the ratio of solvent to feed is gradually reduced, the number of ideal stages required increases. In economic terms, the effect of reducing the solvent-to-feed ratio is to reduce the operating cost, but the capital cost is increased because of the increased number of stages required. At the minimum solvent-to-feed ratio, the number of ideal stages approaches infinity and the specified separation is impossible at any lower solvent-to-feed ratio. In practice the economically optimum solvent-to-feed ratio is usually 1.5 to 2 times the minimum value. 

Natural gas is by far the preferred source of hydrogen. It has been cheap, and its use is more energy efficient than that of other hydrocarbons. The reforming process that is used to produce hydrogen from natural gas is highly developed, environmental controls are simple, and the capital investment is lower than that for any other method. Comparisons of the total energy consumption (fuel and synthesis gas), based on advanced technologies, have been discussed elsewhere (102). 

Coal gasification technology dates to the early nineteenth century but has been largely replaced by natural gas and oil. A more hydrogen-rich synthesis gas is produced at a lower capital investment. Steam reforming of natural gas is appHed widely on an iadustrial scale (9,10) and ia particular for the production of hydrogen (qv). 

Direct Contact Heat Exchangers. In a direct contact exchanger, two fluid streams come into direct contact, exchange heat and maybe also mass, and then separate. Very high heat-transfer rates, practically no fouling, lower capital costs, and lower approach temperatures are the principal advantages. 

The most common method of converting iron ore to metallic iron utilizes a blast furnace wherein the material is melted to form hot metal (pig iron). Approximately 96% of the world s iron is produced this way (see Iron). However, in the blast furnace process energy costs are relatively high, pollution problems of associated equipment are quite severe, and capital investment requirements are often prohibitively expensive. In comparison to the blast furnace method, direct reduction permits a wider choice of fuels, is environmentally clean, and requires a much lower capital investment. 

Microscopy is an unusual scientific discipline, involving as it does a wide variety of microscopes and techniques. All have in common the abiUty to image and enlarge tiny objects to macroscopic size for study, comparison, evaluation, and identification. Few industries or research laboratories can afford to ignore microscopy, although each may use only a small fraction of the various types. Microscopy review articles appear every two years m. Jinalytical Chemistty (1,2). Whereas the style of the Enclyclopedia employs lower case abbreviations for analytical techniques and instmments, eg, sem for scanning electron microscope, in this article capital letters will be used, eg, SEM. 

In general the receptor nomenclature used is consistent with the recommendations of the various International Union of Pharmacology (lUPHAR) Committee on receptor nomenclature (19,20). In some cases the human receptor has been cloned. By convention, pharmacologicaUy defined receptors are shown ia capital letters cloaed receptors ia lower case letters. 

Because of restrictions in equipment si2e, magnesium nitrate processes were initially limited to small plants. Improvements in the materials of constmction have led to increased capacities and a lower capital cost. Sulfuric acid processes are usually preferred when reconcentration of the sulfuric acid is not requited, ie, when the dilute sulfuric can be used to make another product. 

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