Potential loss

Corrosion and erosion despite good design and materials selection, some corrosion problems may arise, both internally and externally. The factor to be applied depends on the anticipated corrosion rate. The severest factor is applied if stress corrosion cracking is likely to occur (see Chapter 7 of this book). 

Leakage—joints and packing this factor accounts for the possibility of leakage from gaskets, pump and other shaft seals, and packed glands. The factor varies from 0.1 where there is the possibility of minor leaks, to 1.5 for processes that have sight glasses, bellows or other expansion joints. 

Hot oil heat exchange system most special heat exchange fluids are flammable and are often used above their flash points so their use in a unit increases the risk of fire or explosion. The factor to apply depends on the quantity and whether the fluid is above or below its flash point see Table 5 in the Guide. 

Rotating equipment this factor accounts for the hazard arising from the use of large pieces of rotating equipment compressors, centrifuges, and some mixers. 

The procedure for estimating the potential loss that would follow an incident is set out in Table 9.5 the Unit analysis summary. 

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A goal of controlled release fertiliser research since the 1940s has been the development of a product that deUvers its nutrients at a rate matching the demand rate of the plant to which it is appHed. Such a fertiliser would represent the ultimate in use efficiency agronomic performance, ie, crop yield, quahty, and appearance agronomic safety and labor savings, ie, reduced appHcation frequency. It also would minimise potential losses to the environment. 

The tautomeric equilibria of these heterocycles always involve one or more non-aromatic tautomers. An important factor in determining the extent to which such non-aromatic tautomers are involved is the magnitude of the potential loss of resonance energy. 

If the potential loss can bankrupt the company, then decisions are not necessarily made on the basis of expecded value even though the potential gain may be veiy high. Also, decisions are not necessarily made on the basis of expected value if the potential loss represents a relatively small amount of money to the company. Between these two extremes, expected value can be a veiy usehil criterion, particularly for a company with a large number of projects. 

This strategy is extremely conservative when high gains are possible but becomes less so for smaller potential gains. If potential losses are involved, the strategy is a fair one for which (NPV) would be an accurate guide for choosing alternatives. 

If water losses from the surrounding area are a major component of the total evaporative losses of the pond, then soil moisture conditions will be expected to be high. Under non-limiting soil moisture conditions vegetative moisture losses are often defined as "potential" losses. Evaporative losses in this case would not be expected to differ greatly from free water evaporation. The literature recommends... 

When the project begins to fall behind in schedule, three alternatives may correct the problem. The first is to examine the work remaining to be done and decide whether the lost time can be recovered in the next steps. If this is not feasible, consider offering an incentive for on-time completion of the project. The incentive could be justified if you compare this expenditure to potential losses due to late completion. Finally, consider deploying more resources. This too will cost more, but may offset further losses from delayed completion. 

The effect of the backfill is to lower the circuit resistance and thus reduce potential loss due to the environment. The additive resistances of the anode/backfill and backfill/soil are lower than the single anode/soil resistance. Backfills attract soil moisture and reduce the resistivity in the area immediately round the anode. Dry backfill expands on wetting, and the package expands to fill the hole in the soil and eliminate voids. 

The main danger in the operation of a nuclear power plant is potential loss of control over the nuclear reaction. If the core overheats, it may either explode or melt down. In either event, radioactive materials escape Irom the reactor to contaminate the environment. Designers attempt to make nuclear reactors fail-safe by providing mechanisms that automatically shut the core down on overheating. One way this has been done is to design the control rods to fall into the core if their control mechanism fails. 

Thermal decomposition of Fe[0Si(0 Bu)3]3(THF) occurs at ca. 140 °C (by TGA) to provide a material with a lower ceramic yield (25.9%) than that calculated for FeOi.5 3Si02 (30.7%), suggesting potential loss of HOSi(0 Bu)3... 

Assume that without the proper use of reference samples in an exploration program, a site is purchased that is in fact barren. Hill (1974), for example, cites a 20 % added analytical cost for quality control and quality assurance. He further cites a possible cost of 220 million for purchasing and developing a mine site. The analytical expense for QA QC based on use of reference samples is trivial in comparison to the potential loss, if the analyses of exploration survey samples are faulty and the mine worthless as a result. 

Untreated bacterial keratitis is associated with corneal scarring and potential loss of vision. Corneal perforation may cause the loss of the eye. 

Untreated bacterial keratitis is associated with corneal scarring and potential loss of vision. Corneal perforation may occur and the patient may lose the eye. In virulent organisms, this destruction may occur within 24 hours. Central corneal scarring may result in vision loss even after successful eradication of the organism. 

The hazard classification guide developed by the Dow Chemical Company and published by the American Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dow (1994) (www.aiche.org), gives a method of evaluating the potential risk from a process, and assessing the potential loss. 

To assess the potential hazard of a new plant, the index can be calculated after the Piping and Instrumentation and equipment layout diagrams have been prepared. In earlier versions of the guide the index was then used to determine what preventative and protection measures were needed, see Dow (1973). In the current version the preventative and protection measures, that have been incorporated in the plant design to reduce the hazard-are taken into account when assessing the potential loss in the form of loss control credit factors. 

The procedure for calculating the index and the potential loss is set out in Figure 9.1. 

G. Quantity of flammable material the potential loss will be greater the greater the quantity of hazardous material in the process or in storage. The factor to apply depends on the physical state and hazardous nature of the process material, and the quantity of material. It varies from 0.1 to 3.0, and is determined from Figures 3, 4 and 5 in the Dow Guide. 

The Maximum probable property damage (MPPD) is then calculated by multiplying the Base MPPD by a Credit control factor. The Loss control credit control factors, see Table 9.6, allow for the reduction in the potential loss given by the preventative and protective measures incorporated in the design. 

Most proteins are not sufficiently stable in aqueous solution to allow formulation as a sterile solution. Instead, the protein is freeze-dried and reconstituted before use. Development of a freeze-dried protein formulation often requires special attention to the details of the freezing process (potential pH shifts and ionic strength increase with freezing) as well as to potential loss of activity with drying. Formulation additives, such as sugars and polyhydroxy compounds, are often useful as cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants. Residual moisture may also be critical to the stability of the dried preparation [33],... 

All of these goals cannot be met. For example, to reduce potential losses in case of fire, the plant should be spread out, but this would also result in higher pumping costs, and might increase manpower needs. The engineer must decide within the guidelines set by his company which of the aforementioned items are most important. 

The other potential losses required to drive an electrode reaction are the activation overpotential, rja, and concentration overpotential, r]conc. The problem of current distribution is then governed Eq. (57) as well as by the following equations ... 

Non-linear pricing Non-linear prices usually consist of a two-part tariff. One part is fixed and does not depend on the quantity of the product consumed. The simplest way to establish this tariff is to estimate the potential loss (L) at the point where price = CMg and divide it by the number (N) of potential users, that is, the tariff equals L/N. The other part varies with the quantity consumed. In the case in which the variable component is fixed according to the marginal cost, the price structure is efficient and at the same time the company can avoid incurring a deficit. 

The total output photovoltage must exceed the thermodynamic potential difference for water splitting (1.229 V at 25°C), the energy level mismatches for the anodic and cathodic processes, and the polarization loss or overvoltages due to kinetic, diffusion, and IR potential losses in the bulk of electrolyte. 

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