The main drivers

In aerospace appHcations, low density coupled with other desirable features, such as tailored thermal expansion and conductivity, high stiffness and strength, etc, ate the main drivers. Performance rather than cost is an important item. Inasmuch as continuous fiber-reinforced MMCs deUver superior performance to particle-reinforced composites, the former are ftequendy used in aerospace appHcations. In nonaerospace appHcations, cost and performance are important, ie, an optimum combination of these items is requited. It is thus understandable that particle-reinforced MMCs are increa singly finding appHcations in nonaerospace appHcations. 

Other than longer-term supply issues the main driver for moving away from fossil resources is pollution. Since pre-industrial times the level of atmospheric CO2 has risen from 280 ppm to 360 ppm, and whilst some observers believe this may be a natural cycle in the Earth s history, most believe it is a direct consequence of burning fossil fuels. This additional CO2 is now thought to be the main cause of global warming via the greenhouse effect (see Box 6.1). 

The status of micro reactor and pTAS developments from the beginnings to 1998 is given in [64], Selected micro devices and applications are presented, and also key players, the foundations and the main drivers for undergoing such development. 

The main driver was to develop a laboratory-scale micro-channel process and transfer it to the pilot-scale, aiming at industrial fine-chemical production [48, 108]. This included fast mixing, efficient heat transfer in context with a fast exothermic reaction, prevention offouling and scale-/numbering-up considerations. By this means, an industrial semi-batch process was transferred to continuous processing. 

The main driver here is not dedicated to the specific reaction, but rather stems from the general desire to establish photochemical paths for a wider range of reactions. 

To achieve excellent thermal control, to use short residence times and to have no back-mixing were the main drivers for an industrial investigation of the methylation of an aromatic. The target molecule yielded thereby, a precursor for a crop-protection product, is temperature sensitive [127]. Accordingly, cryo-processing has to be applied to avoid decomposition when the reaction is conventionally performed. A driver for micro reactor processing would be to enable room-temperature processing or, at least, to increase the reaction temperature closer to ambient... 

Outcome 1. Suppose that risk perception is the main driver of a consumer s reaction to a food safety scare. This would suggest that communicating research information effectively is a powerful tool in changing behavior. That is, providing and communicating the true probabilities of being exposed to the risk (when possible) will be a useful way to respond to consumers concerns. 

Combinatorial chemistry was developed in the early 1990s with pharmaceutical industry being the main driver [3], The rapid screening of potential drug molecules against well-defined assays had quickly become one of the major tools for the identification of novel lead candidates. 

With PVC being the main driver for chlorine demand there is increasing pressure on the need to obtain cheap power, salt and ethylene feedstocks. Export-driven EDC and caustic plants have some place in meeting world demand though with the need to export both chlorine, in the form of EDC, and caustic soda there can be occasions when these plants are vulnerable to low returns if demand is much lower than supply. Traditional locations for these plants have been in the US Gulf and the Middle East, but there are plans to site such plants in Venezuela and Australia with both these countries having a large caustic soda demand in alumina. 

The large-scale deployment of hydrogen in the transport sector (cars, light-duty vehicles and city buses) has a significant impact on the reduction of atmospheric pollutant emissions. Emission reduction of pollutants is one of the main drivers for the introduction of hydrogen. These benefits are often mentioned. However, the number of quantitative analyses is limited. In the following, the results of the HyWays project (HyWays, 2007) will be presented. 

One of the main drivers for the development of new sulphuric acid catalysts over the last decades has been the desire to reduce S02 emissions from sulphuric acid plants without costly tail gas cleaning or an additional interbed... 

E.3.4.1 The main driver should be rated to drive the train without assistance from the HPRT. 

E.3.4.3 Flow to the HPRT may vary widely and frequently. When the flow drops to about 40 percent of the rated flow, a drag may be imposed on the main driver. An overrunning clutch will prevent this drag. 

E.3.4.4 The HPRT should never be placed between the main driver and the driven equipment. 

We have seen that one of the key aspects of Fourier transform NIR analyzers is their control of frequency accuracy and long-term reproducibility of instrument line shape through the use of an internal optical reference, normally provided as a HeNe gas laser. Such lasers are reasonably compact, and have acceptable lifetimes of around 3 to 4 years before requiring replacement. However, we also saw how the reduction in overall interferometer dimensions can be one of the main drivers towards achieving the improved mechanical and thermal stability which allows FT-NIR devices to be deployed routinely and reliably in process applications. 

It can be stated as a generalisation that historic or innovation cultural and institutional aspects play an important role (and supposedly also one that is gaining in importance) for comprehending innovation events . This conclusion is reached, for example, if we examine by way of summary the stated distinctions of the main obstacle system inertia (such as path dependency, investment cycles, complexity of the iimovation system and level of iimovation) as well as the distinctive features of the main driver competition (such as competition or market type and especially the role of the public). Case studies doubtless have an important function for comprehending these elements and developments. On the basis of such studies the innovation system model can also be improved and developed further (cf Figure 20). 

The main drivers for both equipment and chemistry are cost reduction, energy reduction, and environmental issues (sustainability, "green" raw materials, reduced volatile organic compound (VOC), reduced toxicity, lowering odor, reduced defects and manufacturing scrap). 

The main driver behind developing LFMM is computational efficiency. Although DFT has undoubtedly revolutionized the theoretical treatment of TM systems, there are many instances where all QM methods, even DFT, are simply not viable. Comprehensive conformational searching, molecular dynamics, and virtual screening represent hundreds of thousands of individual calculations and QM methods are too expensive. We are forced to turn to classical models but, for TM centers, this presents a whole new set of challenges. However, since we cannot easily make QM orders of magnitude faster, our only option is to make MM smarter and thus able to cope with the extra demands of coordination complexes. 

Temperature has a minor influence on the phase diagram entropy gain is the main driver of complex coacervation, due to concomitant release of bound counterions into solution by the interacting charged biopolymers, which increases the solution entropy. 

One of the main drivers for the development of new pulmonary drug delivery systems has been the potential for noninvasive systemic delivery of protein and peptide compounds. The systemic delivery of macromolecules via the airways would overcome the inconvenience and cost associated with current methods of administration (injection), and appears likely given the large surface area of the airways and the thin pulmonary epithelium. Most research has concentrated on pulmonary delivery of insulin for the treatment of diabetes. Recently, one insulin product has completed phase three studies and is now undergoing review by European regulatory agencies for marketing approval. 

Usually a plane wave generator (PWG) consists of several different expl components, some or all of which are likely to be different expls from the main driver charge. Obviously the PWG contributes energy to projecting the plate, and an estimate of its contribution must be made before one can determine y/2E for the main driver charge. The procedure adopted in Ref 14 for correcting for the presence of a PWG is as follows. Let and h be the respective thicknesses of the main driver charge and the metal plate and pc and pm their respective densities. 

The main drivers for the utilization of natural gas in power sector is twofold 1) emission reduction by shifting fuel from oil and/or coal to gas, and 2) the possibility of introducing combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) technology with high electric efficiency (58 %). 

The answers to the above questions will be the main drivers in choosing the most appropriate approach for the model definition and implementation. A fuel cell operation, in fact, involves a relatively large and complex number of phenomena occurring at the same time, at different scale levels, and in different components of the fuel cell. 

Based on the selected flowcharts (process flow diagrams) one can make a first rough estimate of the costs of the new processes. Various standard methods for this are available, depending also on the company s systems for cost estimation. This part of Step 2 should not be forgotten, because it can clearly show the benefits of a new process in terms of costs, which is one of the main drivers for changes in processes. It also helps in ranking ideas. 

---