System, description

A simple description of the component or its official nomenclature include a part number if available. 

A description of the type of component failure that will result in a hazard, 

The operating phase or mode of the entire system being considered in the hazard evaluation. 

Address the hazard directly provide a description of the result of the component failure. 

Describe the larger result of the hazard, which may reduce subsystem effectiveness or result In subsystem failure and/or total system failure. 

A system description involves defining the composition and spatial arrangement of all particles, including the number of solute molecules, mobile ions, and solvent molecules. Although simulation of systems containing mixed solvents and several solute molecules is conceivable, the task is made difficult by the size of such systems, combined with the methodological difficulties associated with mixed solvent simulations. 

The spatial arrangement of solute heavy atoms of biological molecules is available from a wide variety of sources, especially those from X-ray crystallography. The Brookhaven Protein Data Bank (PDB) contains over 600 sets of coordinates for proteins, and NDB contains over 200 crystal structures of oligonucleotides. X-ray crystal structures of protein—DNA complexes are also available from both sources. Increasingly, solution structures of DNA and protein, solved by NMR spectroscopy, are becoming available. Structures of canonical DNA can also be derived by means of fiber diffraction data.  

A brief system description covering the system s history (whether it is an entirely new system, a replacement system, or an existing system) and its business purpose is necessary. GxP regulatory authorities expect replacement systems to be as least as reliable as their predecessor manual or automatic system. The aim is to provide a management overview of the project boundaries, defining what is and what is not included within the scope of work. The system description may be supplemented later by a separate System Overview document, especially for larger systems (see Chapter 8). 

The Validation Plan should refer to, or include, a brief description why a particular computer system is being validated. The role of Validation Detennination Statements was described earlier in this chapter. It is useful for the reader to have this placed early in the Validation Plan to put the validation into context. This information will be snpplemented later with a GxP Assessment (see Chapter 7) in terms of detail once the User Reqnirement Specification is available. 

The validation activities are laid ont with a description of any issues for specific GxP consideration. The validation life cycle has already been described in Chapter 4 and consists of  

Reqnirements Captnre and Snpplier (Vendor) Selection Design and Development Coding, Confignration and Bnild Development Testing 

User Qualification and Anthorization to Use Operation and Maintenance Phase-Ont and Withdrawal 

A schematic view of the microhotplate with transistor heater is shown in Fig. 4.17 [125]. In order to ensure a good thermal insulation, only the dielectric layers of the CMOS process form the membrane. The inner section of the membrane includes an 

At the downstream end of the fluid-bed processor, an exhaust blower or fan is situated to draw the air through the entire unit. This arrangement 

Outlet air dust Inlet air dust Process area 

Maintenance area Processor Air distributor plate Intel airplenium Floor 

The air must be introduced evenly at the bottom of the product container through an inlet air plenum. Proper air flow in the inlet air plenum is critical to ensure that equal air flow velocities occur at every point on the air distributor plate. If the air is not properly distributed before it reaches the bottom of the container, uneven fluidization can occur. 

To properly fluidize and mix the material in the container, a correct choice of the container and air distributor must be made. The container volume should be chosen such that the bowl is filled to at least 35 0% of its total volume and no more than 90% of its total volume. Correct choice of the air distributor is important. These distributors are made of stainless steel and are available with a 2-30% open area. Typically, the distributor should be chosen so that the pressure drop across the product bed and air 

We consider a distillation column with N stages (numbered from top to bottom), into which a saturated liquid containing a mixture of two components (denoted by 1 and 2) with mole fractions xif and X2f, respectively is fed at (molar) flow rate Fq and temperature To on stage Nf (we analyze the case of a binary mixture for simplicity the results developed below can easily be generalized to mixtures of M components). The heavy component 2 is removed 

We denote by Qr and Qa the heat duties in the reboiler and condenser. For simplicity, we assume that the relative volatilities of the components are constant, and hence that the phase equilibrium on stage i is given by 

We also assume that the heat capacities CPt and Cp v of the liquid and vapor phases are constant. Under the above assumptions, the dynamic model of the column can be written as 

Process systems with high energy throughput 

In Equations (7.6), Mc, xijD, Vi,d, and Tc are the molar liquid holdup, the liquid mole fraction and vapor mole fraction of component 1, and the temperature in the condenser, xgj, ygj, and T are the molar liquid holdup, the liquid mole fractions and vapor mole fractions of component 1, and the temperature on stage i, and Mb, xgB, Vi,b, and TB are the corresponding holdup, liquid mole fractions, vapor mole fractions, and temperature in the reboiler. Oi are the stage enthalpies and A j is the latent heat of vaporization of component j, j = 1,2. By expressing the stage enthalpies as a function of the stage temperatures, Oi = MiCPt Ti, Equations (7.6) can be rewritten as 

The annual average of the electric load for this community is in the region of 50 kWh/day and the annual peak of the load is 8.28 kW. With respect to meteorological data, the location of Ky thnos island has a high annual average solar irradiation that is of the order of 4.87 kWh/m2. 

An exhaust blower or fan is situated at the downstream end of the fluid bed processor to draw the air through the entire unit. This arrangement provides negative pressure in the fluid bed, which is necessary to facilitate material loading, maintain safe operation, prevent material escape, and carry out the process under good manufacturing practice guidelines, all of which will be discussed later in the chapter. 

Pressure nozzle The fluid under pressure is broken up by its inherent instability and its impact on the atmosphere, on another jet, or on a fixed plate. 

Rotating nozzle (rotary atomizer) Fluid is fed at a low pressure to the center of a rapidly rotating disk, and the centrifugal force breaks up the fluid. These types of nozzles are used mainly in a spray drying application. 

Airless spray nozzle The fluid is separated into two streams that are brought back together at the nozzle orifice, where upon impingement, they form drops. 

Method Equipment Type Approximate Minimum Drop Size Removal Capacities (pm) 

Plate coalescence Parallel plate interceptors Corrugated plate interceptors Cross-flow separators Mixed-flow separators 30-50 

Gas flotation Dissolved gas Hydraulic dispersed gas Mechanical dispersed gas 10-20 

Offshore, produced water can be piped directly overboard after treating, or it can be routed through a disposal pile or a skim pile. Water from the deck drains must be treated for removal of free oil. This is normally done in a skim vessel called a sump tank. Water from the sump tank is either combined with the produced water or routed separately for disposal overboard. 

Onshore, the water is normally re-injected in the formation or pumped into a disposal well. In the past, particularly in dry climates in countries with emerging environmental regulations, small amounts of produced water were disposed of in an evaporation pit. This practice has virtually been ceased and thus will not be discussed any further in this text. 

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Carter S and Bowman J M 1998 The adiabatic rotation approximation of rovibrational energies of manymode systems description and tests of the method J. Chem. Phys. 108 4397... 

Emulsion Polymerization. Poly(vinyl acetate)-based emulsion polymers are produced by the polymerization of an emulsified monomer through free-radicals generated by an initiator system. Descriptions of the technology may be found in several references (35—39). 

Firsl characlerislic number la indicate the cooling system Description Second characteristic number for means of supplying power to circulate the coolant Description... 

Step I Defining the System - Collect the information needed to perform the analysis. Information needs include system descriptions, schematics, P IDs, logic diagrams, and operating procedures. Step 2 Establishing Inputs/Outputs - Every GO model begins with at least one input aiul may have many interfacing inputs. The output of the model is determined by the success criteria. 

Even, limited PSAs use and contain much information. This information may come as memos and process reports and flow sheets, equipment layout, system descriptions, toxic inventory, hazardous chemical reactions, test, maintenance and operating descriptions. From this, data and analyses are prepared regarding release quantities, doses, equipment reliability, probability of exposure, and the risk to workers, public, and environment. An executive summary analysis is detailed, and recommendations made for risk reduction. Thus the information will be text, calculations of envelope fracture stresses, temperatures, fire propagation, air dispersion, doses, and failure probabilities - primarily in tabular form. 

System Based on technical calculations, conditions achievable by System description... 

The process documentation system description will be completed. 

The fault tree is constructed based on the system description and initiating events identified in the HAZOP. Figure 5.2 shows a portion of an extended version of Ozog s fault tree, taken from CCPS (1989b). The following terminology is used ... 

Once the worker has a display which enables the whole furnace unit to be monitored at a glance, it is then necessary to supply more detailed information on each individual furnace. This display should represent the process in a way which facilitates comprehension of the heat transfer stages and provides all relevant information required to fulfill the objecHves of safe and efficient firing. Figure 7.17 presents a recommended graphic display at a more detailed level of system description. 

The bulk of the information in the report is included in a 317-page appendix that contains systems descriptions, station blackout fault trees, diesel generator historical data, and diesel generator common cause failure analysis results for 18 different nuclear power plants. Tables and graphs are well organized and present data correlated to each plant studied. The study also contains conclusions and recommendations for improving reliability. 

Briefly describe what the term system description refers to relative to liazard risk assessment. 

System description is tlie compilation of tlie process/plant information needed for tlie risk analysis. For e. ample, site locations, environs, weatlier data, process flow diagrams (PFDs), piping an instnmientation diagrams (P IDs), layout drawings, operating and maintenance procedures, technology documentation, process chemistry, and tliermophysical property data may be required. 

S. Nitz, B. Weinreich and F. Draweit, Multidimensional gas cliromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (MDGC-IRMS). Part A system description and technical requirements , 7. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 15 387-391 (1992). 

Figure 10.4 Schematic representation of the multidimensional GC-IRMS system developed by Nitz et al. (27) PRl and PR2, pressure regulators SV1-SV4, solenoid valves NV— and NV-I-, needle valves FID1-FID3, flame-ionization detectors. Reprinted from Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 15, S. Nitz et al, Multidimensional gas cliro-matography-isotope ratio mass specti ometiy, (MDGC-IRMS). Pait A system description and teclinical requirements , pp. 387-391, 1992, with permission from Wiley-VCFI.

In addition, it provides a list of potential actions that should be evaluated. Table 4.16 is an example of a HAZOP study worksheet. A typical HAZOP study report should include a brief system description, a list of drawings or equipment analyzed, the design intents, the HAZOP study tables, and a list of actions items. 

Metropolitan Medical Strike Team Operational System Description. Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, and the United States Public Health Service, Office of Emergency Preparedness, with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996. 

CONOPT. This is another widely used implementation of the GRG algorithm. Like LSGRG2, it is designed to solve large, sparse problems. CONOPT is available as a stand-alone system, callable subsystem, or as one of the optimizers callable by the GAMS systems. Description of the implementation and performance of CONOPT is given by Drud (1994). 

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